稻季田面水不同形态氮素变化及氮肥减量研究

通过氮肥减量田间小区试验,研究了稻季3次施肥后田面水不同形态氮素的变化特征、水稻产量与氮肥农学效率和环境效应的关系。结果表明：施氮显著增加了田面水的氮素质量浓度,且氮素质量浓度随施氮量的减少而降低。田面水总氮,有机氮在施氮后1 d达到最大,随后快速下降;铵态氮和无机氮在基肥和分蘖肥施用1 d后也达到最大,而在穗肥施用后经历了一个先升后降的变化过程;无机氮是田面水氮素的主要形态,应将无机氮作为农田排水污染检测的主要指标;施氮后1周是防止稻田田面水氮素大量流失的关键时期;随着施氮量的增加,氮肥农学效率不断下降,氮素径流损失不断增大,综合水稻产量、农学效率和环境效应,试验区氮肥减量50%是可行的,但其产量持续性仍需进一步验证。     

不同施肥处理对红壤晚稻田CH_4排放的影响

选取不同施肥处理的双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对晚稻田CH4排放通量进行观测。结果表明,与不施肥对照(T1)相比,各施肥处理CH4排放通量均有不同程度增加。其中秸秆还田+化肥处理(T5)CH4平均排放通量为9.96mg.m-2.h-1,比增氮磷施肥处理(T4)和对照分别增加26.1%和120.0%;平衡施肥处理(T2)和减氮磷施肥处理(T3)CH4平均排放通量比对照增加20%左右。说明施化肥可能提高水稻植株运输能力,进而增加CH4排放,但并未发现施化肥处理(T1、T2、T3和T4)之间CH4排放存在显著差异。同时对相关环境因素的分析表明,各处理CH4排放通量与土壤5cm深处温度间存在指数函数关系,并与田间水层厚度呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。综合考虑温室效应和稻谷产量,认为T2为推荐施肥方式,即N、P2O5和K2O施用量分别为180、90和135kg.hm-2,在插秧前1d施入占总N量70%的碳铵和全部磷肥、钾肥(过磷酸钙和氯化钾)作为基肥,并在分蘖期(2008年7月19日)追施占总N量30%的尿素。     

轮耕对双季稻田土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾质量分数及水稻产量的影响

针对南方稻田连续免耕存在的主要问题,选择双季稻区连续7年免耕稻田,设置免耕-免耕（NT-NT）、翻耕-翻耕（CT-CT）、翻耕-免耕（CT-NT）、旋耕-旋耕（RT-RT）和旋耕-免耕（RT-NT）5个耕作处理,以连续免耕（NT-NT）作为对照,研究了不同轮耕技术对双季稻田土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾质量分数和水稻产量的影响。结果表明：长期连续免耕稻田土壤全氮、有效磷均呈现表层（0～5 cm）富集的现象;CT-CT、RT-RT处理较对照趋向于提高5～20 cm土壤全氮、有效磷质量分数。与CT-CT、RT-RT相比,CT-NT和RT-NT均有利于提高表层0～5 cm土壤全氮、速效钾质量分数,降低5～20 cm土壤全氮、有效磷质量分数。各处理早稻的有效穗均显著高于对照,分别比对照增加10.4×10^4、16.82×10^4、32.04×10^4和28.34×104 hm-2;产量分别比对照提高17.85%、21.58%、3.0%和19.38%。各处理晚稻的有效穗均显著高于对照,分别比对照增加43.46×10^4、9.12×10^4、17.13×10^4和27.34×104 hm-2;产量分别比对照增加9.98%、8.25%、4.69%和7.68%。CT-NT处理有利于增加早稻和晚稻的产量。     

油菜秸秆还田对水稻根系分布及稻谷产量的影响

根系健康是水稻正常生长及高产的前提,为明确油菜秸秆还田方式和还田量对水稻生长及产量的影响,以秸秆不还田作为对照,设置秸秆半量还田(1.5 t/hm2)、全量还田(3.0 t/hm2)、超量还田(4.5 t/hm2)3个还田量以及秸秆覆盖还田(FG)、秸秆翻埋还田(FM)两种还田方式,通过盆栽和大田试验相结合,研究秸秆处...     

高效代谢解偶联剂的筛选及对SBR系统综合运行效能的影响

活性污泥法是最常用的污水处理技术,但它同时会产生大量的剩余污泥,需要进行额外的处理和处置.活性污泥的解偶联代谢能有效地减少剩余污泥的产量.比较了5种代谢解偶联剂,即2,4-二硝基苯酚(DNP)、邻氨基苯酚(AP)、2,4,6-三氯苯酚(TCP)、3,3',4,5-四氯水杨酰苯胺(TCS)、丙二酸的污泥减量效果和对COD去除能力的影响.结果表明,当它们在各自的最佳质量浓度20、1 5、4、1.2、15 mg/L时,污泥的表观增长系数分别降低了62.39%、63.75%、59.40%、34.58%和53.75%,而COD去除率仅有轻微下降.重点研究了15 mg/L的丙二酸和4 mg/L的TCP对SBR系统运行效能和污泥沉降性能的影响.发现在长期运行过程中,两者都能有效降低系统的污泥产量,而对COD去除率的影响较低,但使用丙二酸6 d后极大地影响了污泥的沉降性能,而TCP对污泥的沉降性能影响很小.     

分离趋势产量和气候产量的方法探讨

在长时间序列的作物产量与气候因子关系的统计研究中,一般把作物的产量分解为趋势产量、气候产量和随机误差3部分。趋势产量是反映历史时期生产力发展水平的长周期产量分量,也被称为技术产量,气候产量是受气候要素为主的短周期变化因子(农业气象灾害为主)影响的波动产量分量。因为不同趋势产量模拟方法分离的气候产量的结果可能不同,甚至截然相反,所以分离趋势产量以得到准确的气候产量就显得尤其重要,这关系到影响作物产量的气候因子(主要是农业气象灾害)分析的准确性。试图以气候变化对棉花产量影响为例,说明如何选择合适的趋势产量求算方法,进而分离得到气候产量。提出了方法选择的3个依据条件:趋势产量模拟曲线应该符合社会技术各发展阶段的实际;全国或整个研究区的趋势产量变化特征因子应该基本一致(即社会和技术水平发展过程差异不大),气候条件相似区域其气候产量应该具有很强的相关性;分析得到的影响研究对象(作物)生长的关键气候因子或者农业气象灾害因子,应该符合所研究对象的生育特性及其对气候因子或农业气象灾害因子的响应规律。     

长春南湖富营养化进程中鱼类群落的变化

长春南湖原有鱼类20种。随着富营养化程度的加重,鱼类种类数减少,一些种类绝迹。1992年实施生态工程治理后,鱼类组成以人工放养种类为主。鱼产量波动幅度较大,自20世纪60年代以来呈下降趋势,80年代末达到最低点,90年代有所回升。目前以养殖鱼类为主体,产量较为稳定。鱼类以II龄和III龄个体所占比例最大,I龄和高龄个体较少。     

Effects of elevated ozone on growth and yield of field-grown rice in Yangtze River Delta, China

With rapid industrialization and urbanization in the Yangtze Delta, China, the tropospheric ozone concentration has increased to levels that induce crop yield loss. Rice, a widely grown crop in China, was investigated in field-established, open-top chambers. Four treatments were used： charcoal-filtered air （CF）, non-charcoal-filtered air （NF）, and charcoal-filtered air with two levels of additional ozone （O3-1 and O3-2）. The AOT40s （accumulated hourly mean ozone concentration above 40 ppbv） were 0, 0.91, 23.24, and 39.28 ppmv.h for treatment of CE NF, O3-1, and O3-2, respectively. The rice height and biomass were reduced in the elevated ozone concentration. Less organic matter partitioning to roots under the elevated ozone significantly decreased rice root activity. The yield loss was 14.3% and 20.2% under O3-1 and O3-2 exposure, respectively. This was largely caused by a reduction in grain weight per panicle.     

Enhancement of biomethane production from cattle manure with codigestion of dilute acid pretreated lignocellulosic biomass

It is well known that dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of the lignicellulosisc biomass is an effective approach used for the production of the ethanol. However, there are less studies on the biogas production from the pretreated lignocellulosics and hardly data available on the codigestion of cattle manure with the pretreated lignocellulosisc material. The aim of this study was to evaluate biomethane production potential of codigestion of cattle manure with dilute acid pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. Sugarcane bagasse and rice husk was pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid at 121°C for 20 minutes and subsequently subjected to anaerobic digestion alone or codigested with cattle manure.

The results showed that codigestion of 1% phosphoric acid pretreated rice husk with cattle manure led to the highest methane production of 115 Nmlg^?1VS while monodigestion of cattle manure and phosphoric acid pretreated rice husk produced 98 and 87 Nmlg^?1VS, respectively. An inhibition was observed in anaerobic digestion of sulfuric acid pretreated rice husk and sugarcane bagasse during monodigestion and codigestion with cattle manure.

The study concludes that dilute phosphoric acid pretreated lignocellulosics like sugarcane bagasse and rice husk can be used as a cosubstrate with cattle manure in anaerobic digestion for enhanced methane production. Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment, which is effective method for the bioethanol production, causes inhibition during anaerobic digestion of the pretreated lignocellulosics.     

Single-phase and two-phase anaerobic digestion of fruit and vegetable waste: Comparison of start-up,reactor stability and process performance

Single-phase and two-phase digestion of fruit and vegetable waste were studied to compare reactor start-up, reactor stability and performance (methane yield, volatile solids reduction and energy yield). The single-phase reactor (SPR) was a conventional reactor operated at a low loading rate (maximum of 3.5 kg VS/m³ d), while the two-phase system consisted of an acidification reactor (TPAR) and a methanogenic reactor (TPMR). The TPAR was inoculated with methanogenic sludge similar to the SPR, but was operated with step-wise increase in the loading rate and with total recirculation of reactor solids to convert it into acidification sludge. Before each feeding, part of the sludge from TPAR was centrifuged, the centrifuge liquid (solubilized products) was fed to the TPMR and centrifuged solids were recycled back to the reactor. Single-phase digestion produced a methane yield of 0.45 m³ CH₄/kg VS fed and VS removal of 83%. The TPAR shifted to acidification mode at an OLR of 10.0 kg VS/m³ d and then achieved stable performance at 7.0 kg VS/m³ d and pH 5.5–6.2, with very high substrate solubilization rate and a methane yield of 0.30 m³ CH₄/kg COD fed. The two-phase process was capable of high VS reduction, but material and energy balance showed that the single-phase process was superior in terms of volumetric methane production and energy yield by 33%. The lower energy yield of the two-phase system was due to the loss of energy during hydrolysis in the TPAR and the deficit in methane production in the TPMR attributed to COD loss due to biomass synthesis and adsorption of hard COD onto the flocs. These results including the complicated operational procedure of the two-phase process and the economic factors suggested that the single-phase process could be the preferred system for FVW.