A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis

Increased crop yield is a commonly reported benefit of adding biochar to soils. However, experimental results are variable and dependent on the experimental set-up, soil properties and conditions, while causative mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. A statistical meta-analysis was undertaken with the aim of evaluating the relationship between biochar and crop productivity (either yield or above-ground biomass). Results showed an overall small, but statistically significant, benefit of biochar application to soils on crop productivity, with a grand mean increase of 10%. However, the mean results for each analysis performed within the meta-analysis covered a wide range (from −28% to 39%). The greatest (positive) effects with regard to soil analyses were seen in acidic (14%) and neutral pH soils (13%), and in soils with a coarse (10%) or medium texture (13%). This suggests that two of the main mechanisms for yield increase may be a liming effect and an improved water holding capacity of the soil, along with improved crop nutrient availability. The greatest positive result was seen in biochar applications at a rate of 100 t ha⁻¹ (39%). Of the biochar feedstocks considered and in relation to crop productivity, poultry litter showed the strongest (significant) positive effect (28%), in contrast to biosolids, which were the only feedstock showing a statistically significant negative effect (−28%). However, many auxiliary data sets (i.e. information concerning co-variables) are incomplete and the full range of relevant soil types, as well as environmental and management conditions are yet to be investigated. Furthermore, only short-term studies limited to periods of 1 to 2 years are currently available. This paper highlights the need for a strategic research effort, to allow elucidation of mechanisms, differentiated by environmental and management factors and to include studies over longer time frames.     

环境流行病学研究中全血长期保存与RNA提取方法

RNA是在基因表达层面探究分子生物学机制的重要研究对象.由于RNA化学性质活泼、结构不稳定,并且内外源RNA酶无处不在,如何从环境流行病学研究收集到的全血样本中提取出高质量的总RNA是困扰研究人员的一大难题.本研究旨在建立一种能长期保存全血样本并从中提取出高质量总RNA的方法.通过将环境流行病学研究中采集到的少量新鲜全血立即与10倍体积的TRIzol试剂混匀后置于-80℃冰箱中,可保护RNA在长期保存过程中不发生降解.针对长期保存的全血-TRIzol混合体系,在经典的TRIzol一步法基础上,无需将全血样本分装至不含RNA酶的1.5 mL离心管,直接在较大操作空间(不含RNA酶的15 mL离心管)中进行总RNA相分离、沉淀、洗涤等操作,并在总RNA晾干前再增加离心并吸取少量残留液体操作,缩短自然晾干时间.本方法无需离心、分离血浆、裂解红细胞等繁杂的前处理步骤,极大地简化了操作步骤,减少了采样工作量,实现了对全血样本的低成本长期保存.通过增大操作空间、改进晾干操作,本方法显著提高了总RNA样本的完整性和纯度.使用本方法提取出保存一年的全血总RNA产率为(9.18±2.10)μg·mL~(-1),完整性指标RIN值和28S/18S分别为8.98±0.18和1.08±0.08,纯度指标OD_(260)/OD_(280)和OD_(260)/OD_(230)分别为2.18±0.04和1.70±0.00.保存两年的全血提取出总RNA的产率、完整性及纯度仍然可以满足下游实验要求.     

气候变化背景下“气候产量”计算方法的探讨

气候变化对于粮食安全的影响已成为全球变化研究的热点问题之一。在研究过去几十年尺度上的气候变化对粮食产量影响的程度时,常规的研究方法是利用实际产量的数据拟合出以时间为变量的趋势产量,实际产量与趋势产量的差值即为气候产量。但这种方法在评估气候变暖对粮食产量的影响时存在一定缺陷。在常规算法的基础上,论文提出一种改进算法,即通过选取基准时段,建立反映气候要素与作物单产关系的函数表达式,来估计非基准时段内的气候产量,这种方法主要适用于气候要素存在趋势性变化的时段。以黑龙江省为例,将改进算法和常规算法进行比较,结果显示应用改进算法得到的气候产量更能真实地反映气候变暖对水稻产量的影响。     

不同类型地膜覆盖对土壤质量、根系生长和产量的影响

针对我国农业生产中地膜大规模使用带来的土壤环境污染问题,通过应用降解地膜进行大田试验,以南瓜为研究试材,探究了黑色普通地膜(CK)、白色降解地膜(WDF)、黑色降解地膜(BDF)和黑色CO₂基降解地膜(C-DF)对土壤理化性质、根系生长与产量的影响,并对土壤质量进行评估.结果表明,3种降解地膜处理土壤含水量和温度,较普通地膜均不同程度降低;各处理间土壤有机质含量无显著差异;C-DF处理土壤速效钾含量较CK降低,WDF和BDF无显著影响;BDF和C-DF处理土壤全氮和速效氮含量较CK和WDF降低,处理间差异达到显著水平.3种降解膜处理土壤过氧化氢酶活性较CK显著提升2.9%～6.8%,蔗糖酶较CK显著降低了33.3%～38.4%.BDF处理土壤纤维素酶活性较CK显著提升63.8%,WDF和C-DF无显著影响.3种降解膜处理对地下部根系生长具有促进作用,长势明显增强.BDF和C-DF处理南瓜产量与CK趋近,BDF处理南瓜产量较CK显著降低11.4%.试验结果表明,BDF和C-DF处理对土壤质量和产量的影响与CK相当.研究认为2种黑色的降解地膜在高温生产季节可有效替代普...     

我国SO2排放总量控制方法探索与初步评估

介绍了我国SO     

秸秆产生利用现状调查与禁烧面临难点分析——以江苏省某乡镇为例

以江苏省某乡镇为对象,开展了农作物秸秆产生量、秸秆利用状况、农民处理秸秆方式的调查研究。结果表明,秸秆收集利用量占秸秆产生总量的比例不足25％,50％以上农户产生的秸秆得不到有效利用;农业从业者综合素质相对较低、技术普及不到位、作物收种时间重叠、效益驱动不足、秸秆利用机制不健全是秸秆禁烧和利用面临的主要问题。针对主要问题,从科技支撑、有效组织、政策引导、农机农艺、宣传培训等方面提出了合理的建议。     

粮食产量预测理论、方法与应用Ⅱ.粮食生产潜力短期预测理论、模型及其应用

粮食生产潜力短期预测结果可以检验粮食中长期生产潜力预测的准确性和为国家提供制定粮食生产战略的科学依据。粮食生产潜力短期预测理论即“趋势-波动理论”,它建立在粮食或作物“现状生产潜力”概念和“天-人-地概念模型”基础上,预测模型为最佳移动步长条件下的多年单产移动平均趋势模型,实际预测时采用系统预测方法。11个研究案例预测的平均误差为0.77％,最大误差为2.99％,预测精度高。本研究初步结论是：粮食生产潜力短期预测理论和模型是科学和实用的。     

粮食产量预测理论、方法与应用Ⅴ.粮食潜力实现率及其评价方法

为说明粮食潜力与估产的关系,定义了“粮食潜力实现率”的概念,它是与粮食潜力预测值相比,当年实际达到或能够达到的百分比,它将潜力值和当年估产值或实际产量结合在一起,可用来评价潜力实际达到的程度,并可反映气候年型。应用结果表明：2010年各省单产和总产潜力平均实现率围绕100％波动,说明科技进步对增产仍然起到支撑作用,而1999-2008年各省单产和总产潜力平均实现率低于100％,说明科技进步对增产作用在减小。因此,粮食潜力实现率可以用来评价粮食增产趋势和科技进步的贡献,其方法实用、误差小。     

Pteris vittata – Revisited: Uptake of As and its speciation, impact of P, role of phytochelatins and S

Pteris vittata is known to hyperaccumulate As but the mechanism is poorly understood. We found an increase of As concentration with increasing soil solution As concentrations, but P application had no impact, although plant P concentrations responded to different rates of P supply. As in fronds was dominantly (82–89%) present in the form of AsIII. In roots we detected 45% as AsIII which is higher than reported in previous studies and supports substantial As-reduction to take place in roots. We detected PC2/3GS–AsIII, PC2–GS–AsIII and (PC2)2–AsIII in increasing amounts with application of As. The total amount of PC was in the range reported previously and far too small to assign a significant role in As detoxification to PCs. The close correlation between S and As in fronds and the lack of data on sulphur uptake and metabolism indicates the need for a detailed investigation on sulphur nutritional status and As metabolism in P. vittata.     

作物间套作群体光能截获和利用机理研究进展

合理的间套作种植模式具有高产高效及环境友好的特点,可能成为未来可持续农业的重要组成部分.光能的高效利用是间套作群体产量占优的主要原因之一.论文综述了计算间套作群体光能截获及分配的半经验模型及理论模型,分析了间套作群体产量优势形成的生理生态基础.间作套种可形成有利于作物吸收光能的冠层结构,或者可促进作物的光合速率,或者可改变作物的收获指数.对于共生期较长的间套作群体而言,优势作物对光能的高效截获和劣势作物对光能的高效利用是群体产量优势形成的主要原因,而对于共生期较短的间套作群体而言,两种作物光能吸收量的增加是该群体高产的主要驱动力.