Hydrogen, carbon and sulphur isotope ratios in peat: the role of diagenessis and water regimes in reconstruction of past climates

We demonstrate that carbon, hydrogen and sulphur isotope ratios both, in the total peat (¹³C_tp=–25.52 to –28.27, D_tp=–78.67 and –109.24, ³⁴S=4.35 to 19.87), and in cellulose from the peat (¹³C_nc=–25.06 to –27.33 and D_nc=–92.43 to –118.02) are not affected by postdepositional changes. Therefore, the original isotope composition of plants are in general preserved in the peat and represent an archive of the past environmental variations. These can be supported by (i) good correlations between ¹³C_tp and ¹³C_nc, and between D_tp and D_nc, (ii) high horizontal homogeneity of ¹³C_tp and ¹³C_nc in the scale of one peat-bog – the same major factor(s) control(s) C isotopic ratios, (iii) no correlation between organic sulphur concentrations and ³⁴S value –³⁴S results from variations in the water level.This revised version was published online January 2005 with corrections to the title.     

潮汕地区水稻高产栽培措施调查

1991年在潮汕地区进行的水稻高产经验调查结果表明:(1)改善土壤环境、培育肥沃深厚的土壤、提高地力产量,是水稻高产的前提。高产田在植稻前土壤的有效氮(碱解N,电脑推荐施肥法)含量平均为103(±7)mg kg~(-1),有效磷(P_2O_5,MⅢ法)为40(±10)mg kg~(-1),有效钾(K_2O,MⅢ法)为150(±59)mg kg~(-1)。具有这种养分含量的稻田在当季不施肥的地力产量平均占82(±5)％,连续两季不施肥的仍占76(±6)％。(2)增施有机肥。施用量一般占施肥总量(N+P_2O_5+K_2O)的30—40％。化肥氮的施用遵循“前足、中促、后壮”的原则。(3)应用“健身栽培”、肥水促控等措施来控制水稻的最高苗数、提高成穗率和稻谷结实率。(4)延长功能叶的寿命,收获期每株水稻的青叶数保持在3片以上。     

有机无机肥配施比例对蔬菜产量和品质及土壤重金属含量的影响

关于蔬菜施有机肥和它与无机肥的合理配施比例,对蔬菜的产量和品质有重要影响,对土壤有机质和重金属含量也有影响。为控制施禽畜粪类有机肥对蔬菜的负面影响,探讨蔬菜的合理施用量和有机/无机肥配施比例,在不同质地的土壤上进行田间试验。结果表明,(1)施过量禽畜粪类有机肥对试验蔬菜产量和品质都会产生不良影响,小白菜(Brassica chinensis)和茄子(Eggplant)施禽畜粪超过22500kg/hm2、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)超过24000kg/hm2时,其产量不再增加,成活率下降,维生素C含量下降,多个试验均表现出有机肥用量增加而小白菜硝酸盐随之增加的典型特征;同时不论土壤的质地轻重,蔬菜重金属Pb有随禽畜粪用量增加而提高的趋势;在质地较轻的土壤上,蔬菜重金属Cd、As有随禽畜粪用量增加而提高的趋势;小白菜施禽畜粪肥超过7500kg/hm2、茄子和冬种马铃薯施禽畜粪肥超过75000kg/hm2,收获后土壤重金属含量高于对照和施无机肥的总Cr和As。(2)蔬菜单独施用有机肥的合适施用量,小白菜在较粘重的土壤上可施到22500kg/hm2,但有机肥与无机肥配合施用时有机肥用量可减量;茄子合适施用量应在22500kg/hm2左右;冬种马铃薯合适施用量应在24000kg/hm2左右。(3)蔬菜的有机/无机肥合理配比,小白菜、茄子、和冬种马铃薯施肥的有机氮与无机氮之比均为0.25∶1至0.5∶1时其产量和品质水平较佳。     

Comparison of a Subjective and a Physical Approach for Identification of Priority Areas for Soil and Water Management in a Watershed – A Case Study of Nagwan Watershed in Hazaribagh District of Jharkhand, India

The present investigation was an attempt to compare the within-watershed prioritization capabilities of a physical model based SDSS with the SYI and RPI model based subjective-SDSS, conventionally devised for between-watershed prioritizations, by All India Soil Survey and Land Use Planning Division of Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Application of these two approaches on a test watershed situated in Damodar-Barakar catchment in India, the second most seriously eroded area in the world, demonstrated that the proposed physical model based SDSS was capable of realistically and logically mimicking the sub-watershed-scaled water and soil losses thereby suggesting its immense application potential for priority area identification within the test watershed. In contrast to the proposed physical method, the subjective approaches, which assigned totally reverse priorities to about 67–93% of the test-sub-watersheds, were observed to be incapable of realistically assessing the impact of topography and varied land use and soil types in the test watershed on their sub-watershed scaled run-off and soil loss generating potential. Besides, the physical approach could be used for assessing the annual dynamics of the total water and sediment yields, under prevailing resource management systems in the test watershed with good to moderately good correlation coefficients of 0.83 and 0.65; model efficiency coefficients of 0.54 and 0.70; mean relative errors of –4.28% and –17.97% and root mean square prediction errors of 71.8 mm and 9.63 t/ha, respectively.     

气候变化情景下地表O3对水稻产量的潜在风险评估

利用2013~2015年水稻生长季期间气象因子、O₃浓度和气孔导度的实测数据,分析了O₃浓度与AOT40的变化,引入并修订了水稻气孔导度模型,模拟了水稻气孔O₃吸收通量的动态变化,评估了当前和未来气候变化情景下O₃污染所造成的水稻产量损失.结果表明：2013~2015年水稻生长季期间的白天时段,平均O₃浓度分别为35.8,42.0,47.9nL/L,AOT40值分别为5.33,9.03,11.25μL/（L·h）.修订后的模型可用于本地区水稻气孔导度的模拟,2013~2015年水稻气孔O₃通量AF_st02分别为2.02,6.42,7.79mmol/m².2013~2015年地表O₃造成水稻平均相对产量损失分别为4.9%、11.7%和14.3%.在未来气候变化情景下若不考虑O₃浓度的变化,O₃对水稻的胁迫效应将会降低,若考虑未来O₃浓度的变化,O₃造成水稻产量的损失将增加4.7~5.7%.     

不同改良剂对铅镉污染农田水稻重金属积累和产量影响的比较分析

以无机类土壤改良剂材料海泡石(SEP)、有机类土壤改良剂材料生物炭(BC)作为对比,考察新型交联改性甲壳素(CC)对大田环境下土壤重金属的生物有效性、水稻生长、产量以及吸收累积重金属的影响,为土壤改良剂开发提供新的材料选择,并为该材料培肥改土及合理农用提供依据.选取辽宁凌海市某Pb、Cd污染稻田作为试验地块,于2015~2016年进行田间小区试验,分析试验前(2015年3月)和2016年10月水稻收获后土壤的p H值、土壤中Pb、Cd有效态的变化,比较不同处理对水稻生育性状、产量及水稻根系、茎叶、籽粒各部位吸收Pb、Cd的影响.结果表明,添加167~333 kg·hm~(-2)剂量的CC可使土壤p H值提高0.36~0.45个单位,使得土壤中有效Pb、Cd的含量分别显著(P0.05)下降46.39%~64.01%、29.73%~43.24%.添加167~333 kg·hm~(-2)剂量的CC与CK相比可显著降低水稻各部位中的Pb、Cd含量(P0.05),其中根系中分别降低16.09%~38.14%、21.22%~31.38%,茎叶中分别降低了19.17%~46.92%、25.66%~45.34%,籽粒中分别降低了29.47%~58.25%,44.75%~64.02%,添加333 kg·hm~(-2)剂量的CC可使水稻籽粒中的Pb、Cd含量分别降低到(0.204 1±0.011)mg·kg-1和(0.192 2±0.021)mg·kg-1,低于或接近于GB 2762-2005中大米Pb、Cd的限量值(0.20mg·kg-1).施用167~333 kg·hm~(-2)的CC与CK、SEP处理及BC处理相比,亩产分别增加了33.6~47、27.6~44、8.67~34.77 kg.其中CC-2增产效果最明显,亩增产47 kg,增产率为8.59%.CC对Pb、Cd污染土壤重金属修复及降低水稻体内Pb、Cd含量效果不亚于SEP、BC,对重金属Pb、Cd在土壤-水稻系统的迁移与再分配具有较好的阻控作用,且其增产作用明显,具有较好的保障实现水稻安全生产的潜力,具有一定推广应用价值.     

可同化有机碳(AOC)产率系数测定优化及接种方法对比研究

在对测定可同化有机碳(AOC)所需接种液中荧光假单胞杆菌P17及螺旋菌NOX的浓度随培养时间变化规律进行研究的基础上,进一步研究了两种细菌培养后其浓度与标准乙酸碳(Ac-C)浓度之间的相关性.结果表明,当Ac-C浓度75μg·L~(-1)时,标准乙酸碳溶液的浓度与细菌浓度具有较好的线性关系;当Ac-C浓度75μg·L~(-1)时,两者的线性关系减弱;传统AOC检测方法选取[Ac-C]=100μg·L~(-1)作为产率对照在低浓度条件下是不准确的.本文在此基础上提出了产率系数的优化计算方法并确定其适用范围(AOC-P17:0～75μg·L~(-1);AOC-NOX:0～75μg·L~(-1)),该方法进一步提高了该范围内AOC测定结果的准确性.通过对AOC测定过程中3种接种方式的对比研究,发现分别接种法误差较大;同时接种法在平板计数阶段两种细菌菌落之间存在掩盖现象,结果不稳定;先后接种法测定结果较为准确,可较好地反映水中AOC的浓度.将优化后的产率系数测定方法应用于先后接种法并与传统测定方法进行对比,结果证明,优化后的测定方法准确度更高.     

Deficit Irrigation Management of Maize in the High Plains Aquifer Region: A Review

Irrigated agriculture is a major economic contributor of the High Plains Region and it primarily relies on the High Plains Aquifer as a source of water. Over time, areas of the High Plains Aquifer have experienced drawdowns limiting its ability to supply sufficient water to sustain fully irrigated crop production. This among other reasons, including variable climatic factors and differences in state water policy, has resulted in some areas adopting and practicing deficit irrigation management. Considerable research has been conducted across the High Plains Aquifer region to identify locally appropriate deficit irrigation strategies. This review summarizes and discusses research conducted in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and Texas, as well as highlights areas for future research. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

Using Fallout Lead-210 Measurements to Estimate Soil Erosion in Three Small Catchments in Southern Italy

Soil erosion and associated off-site environmental impacts have attracted increasing attention in recent decades, and there is a growing need for reliable information on rates of soil loss. The potential for using ¹³⁷Cs fallout to quantify rates and patterns of soil redistribution over medium-term timescales (ca. 45 years) has been successfully demonstrated in a wide range of environments around the world. The similar behaviour of fallout ²¹⁰Pb in soils offers potential for its use as an alternative to ¹³⁷Cs, in areas where ¹³⁷Cs inventories are low or are complicated by additional fallout from the Chernobyl accident. There have, however, to date been few attempts to validate the use of fallout ²¹⁰Pb measurements for assessing erosion rates. This paper reports an attempt to explore the use of fallout ²¹⁰Pb to estimate rates of water-induced soil erosion on uncultivated land. It focuses on three small forest/rangeland catchments located in Calabria, southern Italy, for which measurements of sediment output are available. Comparison of the estimates of net soil loss from the catchments derived from ²¹⁰Pb measurements with the measured sediment output, confirmed the validity of the ²¹⁰Pb approach. The soil redistribution rates estimated using ²¹⁰Pb measurements were also consistent with equivalent estimates obtained for the same study catchments using ¹³⁷Cs measurements.     

中国小麦生产的区域比较气候风险研究

以减产率〉5．0％界定灾年，分析了中国各省（市、自治区）小麦灾年发生的风险概率、平均减产率和变异系数，及其与全国平均水平相比的区域比较风险度、减产度和变异度。基于以上3个区域灾年减产率的比较指标，得到了区域比较气候风险指标；利用区域比较气候风险对中国小麦生产进行了分区论述，同时得出了小麦总产量损失与播种面积呈显著正相关，与小麦单产只有一般中度相关，而与比较气候风险基本不相关的关系，并指出了区域比较气候风险指标与防灾减灾工作的关系。