太湖春季和秋季浮游植物的光合作用活性

应用Phyto-PAM浮游植物荧光仪对2012年太湖浮游植物群落光合作用活性的时空分布进行测定. 结果表明:春季蓝藻、绿藻和硅/甲藻的F_v/F_m(最大光量子产量)分别为0.35~0.49、0.34~0.68和0.09~0.56;秋季则分别为0.34~0.53、0.55~0.68和0.28~0.61. 春季蓝藻、绿藻和硅/甲藻的NPQ(非光化学淬灭)分别为0.012~0.165、0.085~0.201和0.104~0.281,秋季则分别为0.035~0.263、0.052~0.118和0.048~0.301. RLC(快速光响应曲线)的特征参数表明,太湖浮游植物群落光能利用效率和光合作用速率具有显著时空差异. 相关分析表明,绿藻和硅/甲藻的光合作用活性与环境因子没有显著相关性;而蓝藻的F_v/F_m与RLC的特征参数呈显著正相关,与ρ(Chla)呈显著正相关(P<0.05,R=0.49),与SD(透明度)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01,R=-0.56),说明太湖蓝藻的光合作用活性与富营养化水平具有一致性. 从空间分布来看,草型湖区蓝藻的光合作用活性和ρ(Chla)均显著低于藻型湖区,表明水草能抑制蓝藻的光合作用活性和生长,进而降低蓝藻水华强度.      

施肥对不同肥力春玉米田土壤溶解性有机质的影响

选取辽河灌区不同肥力水平春玉米（Zea mays ssp. mays L.）农田土壤为研究对象,通过连续3年田间定位试验,采用三维荧光光谱法分析了不同层次土壤溶解性有机质组分含量,研究施肥对不同肥力农田土壤溶解性有机质组分（DOM、DOC、DON、DOP）的影响,分析土壤DOM及其组分的土壤肥力效应。结果表明,施肥使高（产量12.75±0.75 t·hm^-2）、中（产量10.50±0.75 t·hm^-2）、低（产量8.25±0.75 t·hm^-2）产田土壤DOM的∑Fex/em分别增加了2.84%、3.56%和-1.52%,平均增加了1.08%,土壤w（DOC）分别增加了20.43%、16.43%和-29.11%,平均增加了9.36%,土壤w（DOP）分别增加了-22.87%、10.30%和4.15%,平均增加了-3.39%,土壤 w（DON）分别增加了-20.63%、6.97%和-8.41%,平均增加了-7.54%。施肥显著增加中产田土壤中w（DOM）,中产田底层（20-40 cm）和高产田表层（0-10 cm）、中层（10-20 cm）土壤w（DOC）,中产田中层和低产田表层土壤w（DOP）,中产田中层土壤w（DON）。施肥增加了低产田土壤FI值（荧光指数）,降低了高产田土壤FI值,施肥增加了高产田土壤HIX（腐殖化指数）,降低了中低产田土壤HIX。施肥显著增加中产田土壤DOM组分含量,降低高、低产田土壤DOM组分含量。施肥主要增加10-20 cm土壤DOM组分含量,耗损20-0 cm土壤DOM组分。施肥促进高产田土壤DOM陆源化,低产田土壤DOM生物源化,施肥使中低产田土壤DOM腐殖化程度降低。施肥不仅是土壤DOM的重要来源,同时通过影响微生物及作物根系活力促进土壤DOM的耗损,因农田土壤质地的差异,施肥对土壤DOM的影响不同。DOM荧光强度与产量呈显著正相关,具有土壤肥力指示作用。     

青岛近岸、东海海水CDOM特性及一氧化碳光产生研究

研究了青岛近岸和东海海水中CO的光化学产生,比较了两个不同水域海水中有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的光学特征和CO的表观量子产率.结果表明:青岛近岸海水和东海海水α(355)范围分别为0.381~0.868m-1和0.083~0.427m-1,平均值分别为0.622m-1和0.196m-1,青岛近岸海水α(355)大于东海.其中近岸海水α(355)和Sg表现出良好的相关性,而东海海水这两个参数之间无明显相关性,表现出α(355)和Sg关系的不确定性.α(355)与CO的光致产生速率呈现正相关(R2=0.8188),说明了CDOM光化学降解是CO产生的重要途径.青岛近岸海水CO的表观量子产率高于东海海水,与α(355)具有相同变化规律,说明含有高光学活性物质的CDOM发生光降解反应能更加有效地产生CO.     

太湖流域稻田湿地对低污染水中氮磷的净化效果

对太湖流域稻田湿地设置3种布水设计——地表漫流式、串形沟灌渗滤式和弓形沟灌渗滤式, 研究连续进水方式下3种布水设计的稻田湿地对低污染水中氮、磷的净化效果及其产量效应. 结果表明:①在水稻拔节期和灌浆期,稻田湿地对低污染水中TN和TP的去除率分别可达77%~93%和87%~96%,稻田排水中ρ(TN)均在2 mg/L以下. ②3种布水设计对TN的去除率表现为漫流式>弓形沟灌渗滤式>串形沟灌渗滤式;对TP的去除率则以弓形沟灌渗滤式最高,串形沟灌渗滤式最差,但二者间差异不显著. ③弓形沟灌渗滤处理由于沟渠占田面积比例相对比较适宜,水稻籽粒产量最高(8 520 kg/hm2),比传统的漫流型稻田湿地增产5.2%;而串形沟灌渗滤处理因其沟渠占田面积比例(约14%)较大,水稻籽粒产量最低. 研究结果证实,利用太湖流域广泛存在的稻田湿地来净化周围的低污染水方法可行且效果较好.      

黄土高原半干旱区覆膜玉米土壤温度的变异特征

黄土高原半干旱丘陵山区受特殊的地理、地形以及水文气象条件的影响,造成农业生产播种难、出苗率低等问题,严重制约着农业的发展,但通过覆膜坐水技术能够起到抗旱保墒、提高地温、改善土壤肥效等作用。以哲单7号玉米Zea maysL为供试品种,在设置对比试验小区(覆膜与不覆膜)的基础上,通过分析覆膜玉米土壤温度变异特征,描述了覆膜后增温、提墒、增产的过程,研究结果表明:覆膜处理与不覆膜处理相比,增温最明显的时期出现在出苗到拔节阶段,且10cm和20cm处的温差表现为最大,可增温2.5℃左右,而后期增温减慢,播种后覆膜增温为玉米发芽生长提供了良好的生长环境,大大提高了出苗率,为作物节水增产提供了必要条件。     

Investigating the impacts of some meteorological parameters on air pollution in Balikesir, Turkey

Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems in Balikesir, situated in the western part of Turkey, during the winter periods. The unfavorable climate as well as the city’s topography, and inappropriate fuel usage cause serious air pollution problems. The air pollutant concentrations in the city have a close relationship with meteorological parameters. In the present study, the relationship between daily average total suspended particulate (TSP) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations measured between 1999–2005 winter seasons were correlated with meteorological factors, such as wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and pressure. This statistical analysis was achieved using the stepwise multiple linear regression method. According to the results obtained through the analysis, higher TSP and SO₂ concentrations are strongly related to colder temperatures, lower wind speed, higher atmospheric pressure and higher relative humidity. The statistical models of SO₂ and TSP gave correlation coefficient values (R ²) of 0.735 and 0.656, respectively.     

A Statistical Sediment Yield Prediction Model Incorporating the Effect of Fires and Subsequent Storm Events1

Abstract: Alluvial fans are continuously being developed for residential, industrial, commercial, and agricultural uses in southern California. Development and alteration of alluvial fans need to consider the possibility of mud and debris flows from upstream mountain watersheds affected by fires. Accurate prediction of sediment yield (or hyper‐concentrated sediment yield) is essential for the design, operation, and maintenance of debris basins to safeguard properly the general populace. This paper presents a model for the prediction of sediment yields that result from a combination of fire and subsequent storm events. The watersheds used in this analysis are located in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in southern California. A multiple regression analysis is first utilized to establish a fundamental statistical relationship for sediment yield as a function of relief ratio, drainage area, maximum 1‐h rainfall intensity and fire factor using 45 years of data (1938‐1983). In addition, a method for multi‐sequence sediment yield prediction under fire conditions was developed and calibrated using 17 years of sediment yield, fire, and precipitation data for the period 1984‐2000. After calibration, this model was verified by applying it to provide a prediction of the sediment yields for the 2001‐2002 fire events in southern California. The findings indicate a strong correlation between the estimated and measured sediment yields. The proposed method for sequence sediment yield prediction following fire events can be a useful tool to schedule cleanout operations for debris basins and to develop an emergency response strategy for the southern California region where plentiful sediment supplies exist and frequent fires occur.     

Potential Impact of Afforestation on Water Yield in the Subalpine Region of Southwestern China1

Abstract: To combat its growing ecological problems, China has implemented a large‐scale Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP). Under the umbrella of this program, the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) was established in 1999 to return cultivated land with slopes of 25° or more to perennial vegetation. However, the regional impacts on water resource management that are incurred by afforestation have not been carefully evaluated, especially in the subalpine region of southwestern China. The purpose of the present study was to provide reference values for the SLCP by evaluating the potential impact of afforestation on water yield under different climatic regimes. Accordingly, evapotranspiration (ET) in cropland (CL), shrubland, and general forest was calculated using a modification of Thornthwaite’s method, and in coniferous forest, broad‐leaved forest (BF), and mixed coniferous and broad‐leaved forest (MF) using the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) model. The results of both approaches showed that afforestation reduces water yield by 9.6‐24.3% depending on the types of conversion and climatic conditions. Water‐yield reduction is greatest (>143.4 mm, or 24.3%) when CL is converted to BF in dry climate conditions. Compared with the other forest types studied, coniferous plantations prevented water‐yield reduction by as much as 9.6% because of their relatively low levels of ET. It is expected that implementation of the SLCP, together with continuing climate change, will further pressure regional water resources. Thus, the effectiveness of afforestation must be evaluated in a broader context while taking into account its positive ecological aspects, such as soil‐erosion control, the preservation of biodiversity, and the significant carbon sequestration provided by forests.     

Influence of different nitrogen rich supplements during cultivation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus </Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">florida</Emphasis> on corn cob substrate

The cultivation of white rot edible fungus Pleurotus florida was performed in polybags. The corn cob was employed as basal substrate while eight different additives such as urea, ammonium sulphate, gram flour, soybean meal, ground nut cake and molasses were used with corn cob. Three different levels of variable combinations with corn cob were evaluated in response to different parameters of mushroom viz., mycelial growth, spawn running, primordial initiation, fruit body yield and its biological efficiency. Each additive at different combinations showed variable impact on the different stages of mushroom life cycle. The primordial initiation was observed for the first time during 20.2–35.1 days. The biological efficiencies in every supplemented set were increased over un-supplemented control set. Increasing the level of additives, the biological efficiency was negatively affected at higher levels. The cotton seed cake was found the best supplement producing 93.75% biological efficiency while soybean meal was the second best additive producing 93.00% yield. The highest growth rate, rapid mycelia run, early primordial initiation, highest yield and biological efficiency were recorded in the combination of corn cob and cotton seed cake at 2% (98 + 2) level.     

The essential oil qualitative and quantitative composition in the needles of Pinus sylvestris L. growing along industrial transects

The aim of this study was to evaluate composition of the essential oils in the needles of Pinus sylvestris growing in the areas affected by a cement factory (CF), and an oil refinery (OR). Volatile components of the needles were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The most heavily polluted CF stand had significantly higher concentration of gamma-Terpinene, Caryophyllene oxide in the current-year needles, while higher concentration of delta-3-Carene, alpha-Terpinene, gamma-Terpinene and Terpinolene was documented for 1-year-old needles. The most heavily polluted OR stand had a significantly higher concentration of Sabinene+beta-Pinene, 1-epi-Cubenol in the current-year needles and a significantly higher concentration of Camphene, Sabinene+beta-Pinene, Myrcene, alpha-Cadinene, 1-epi-Cubenol in the 1-year-old needles than the least polluted site. Along transects an increase in the amount of some diterpenes and a decrease in the components of the shorter chain essential oils was observed. These effects could be at least partially attributed to SO(2).