华北高产农田长期不同耕作方式下土壤呼吸及其季节变化规律

对华北平原高产农田生态系统2004年的土壤呼吸状况进行了分析,探讨了不同耕作方式下土壤呼吸量的季节变化规律.结果表明,土壤呼吸量的季节变化趋势与当地气候状况紧密相关,在暖温带半湿润大陆性季风气候的影响下,该地春季干旱,夏季雨热同期,土壤呼吸量春季缓慢升高,峰值出现在温度、降水均较高的7月,最大值约为20 g·m-2·d-1(以CO2计),之后逐步回落.不同的耕作措施能够影响土壤呼吸量,本试验研究的3种因素对土壤呼吸量有显著影响(p＜0.01),播种前先翻耕30 cm、播种后覆盖麦秸、不施氮素、施磷75 kg·hm-2·a-1的处理土壤呼吸量最高.5 cm、10 cm地温是影响土壤呼吸的重要因素,土壤呼吸对5 cm地温的敏感性更强,指数方程的模拟较好地表明了土壤呼吸与地温的关系.     

不同种稻方式对后茬大麦产量和土壤微生物量的影响

通过田间试验研究盖草、覆膜、裸露、水作4种种稻方式对后茬大麦产量、生物量、土壤微生物量和氮肥利用率的影响.结果表明,大麦籽粒产量以盖草后茬最高,比覆膜、裸露和水作后茬增产6.0%、16.4%和37.0%.大麦收获期地上部生物量也是盖草后茬最高,分别比覆膜、裸露和水作3个处理增加3 424、6 059、6 961 kg·hm-2.4个处理后茬大麦生长期间土壤微生物量碳、氮随着大麦生育期进程呈先升高后降低的趋势,且各个生育期均表现为盖草＞覆膜＞裸露＞水作.盖草处理氮肥农学利用率比覆膜、裸露、水作高0.9、2.2和8.0 kg·kg-1;氮肥生产率也表现出上述趋势,分别高2.8、7.0和13.3 kg·kg-1.说明旱作水稻覆盖秸秆下的稻-麦轮作是一种优化的种植模式,具有良好的生态效益和社会效益.     

施用生物质炭基肥对水稻产量及氮素利用的影响

利用小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、花生壳、猪粪炭堆肥和生活废弃物这5种原料的生物质炭与化肥混合制作炭基复混肥,进行水稻生产的田间试验,分析不同生物质炭基肥处理下水稻产量与氮素利用率的变化.结果表明,与常规复混化肥比较,炭基肥处理施氮量减少19.94％,但水稻的经济产量提高6.70％以上,其中小麦秸秆炭基肥处理增产幅度最高,达39.34％.炭基肥处理可显著提高水稻每穗总粒数和单穗重,水稻籽粒与茎叶吸氮量比值提高11.64％(花生壳)～59.91％(生活废弃物),说明施用炭基肥可促进氮素向水稻籽粒的分配.施用炭基肥料可明显提高水稻的氮素偏生产力、氮素收获指数和氮素稻谷生产率,其中氮素偏生产力较常规复混化肥提高33.41％(玉米秸秆)～74.09％(小麦秸秆).生物质炭基复混肥是一种可以替代传统有机无机配合施肥的节氮肥料,小麦秸秆炭基肥在减少肥料投入、提高水稻产量和氮肥利用率方面具有较好的推广潜力.     

冰雪表面HNO3的紫外光解机理

利用308 nm激光与cavity ring-down spectroscopy技术对HNO3的气相与冰表面光解进行了研究,考察了其光解量子产额与吸收系数,结果表明,.OH+NO2*是其光解反应的主要通道;HNO3在253 K、308 nm冰表面的吸收系数为(1.21±0.31)×10-18cm2.molecule-1,比其在气相的吸收系数(1.24±0.19)×10-21 cm.2molecule-1(295 K)及(8.50±0.24)×10-22cm.2molecule-1(253 K)均高约3个数量级;HNO3在253K冰表面光解产生NO2*的量子产额为0.60±0.34.     

麦季稻秆还田方式对后续稻季CH4排放的影响

通过田间试验研究了麦季4种稻秆还田方式（不还田、表面覆盖、均匀混施和原位焚烧）对后续稻季CH4排放的影响,以探讨稻．麦轮作系统中秸秆还田对稻田温室气体排放的后续效应。试验于2007年小麦播种期将4．8t·hm^-2水稻秸秆分别以不同方式还田（不还田处理除外）,利用静态箱／气相色谱法对2008年后续稻季CH4排放进行观测。结果表明,不同麦季稻秆还田方式显著影响后续稻季的CH4排放。与不施稻秆处理相比,表面覆盖和均匀混施处理后续稻季CH4排放量增加了75％和40％,且CH4排放量差异主要体现在水稻生长前期（0．60d）;原位焚烧处理CH4排放量与稻秆不还田处理相比无显著差异（P〉0．05）;与不施稻秆处理相比,均匀混施处理显著增加稻季开始前土壤全C质量分数6％和全N质量分数12％（P〈0．05）;各处理水稻（Oryza sativa L．）产量无显著差异（P〉0．05）;稻秆麦季均匀混施与表面覆盖相比能在一定程度上抑制后续稻季CH4排放．同时避免了秸秆焚烧导致的C、N、P等元素的大量损失,是较为合理的麦季稻秆还田方式。     

小麦不同生育期对UV-B敏感差异性比较

在大田群体条件下,比较研究了小麦不同生育期对UV-B增加反应敏感性的差异。小麦的生长指标和反应指数均表明:小麦不同生育期对UV-B增加反应的敏感性(设其符号为u)存在显著的差异,小麦的拔节至孕穗期是小麦对UV-B增加的最敏感的时期,小麦对UV-B增加的敏感性大小顺序为:u(拔节期)>u(孕穗期至开花期)>u(灌浆期)>u(播种至拔节期);在不同生育期降低UV-B强度的试验结果也验证了这一结果。在南京地区UV-B强度较高的季节小麦对UV-B增加的敏感性较低。     

Assessing strategies to reconcile agriculture and bird conservation in the temperate grasslands of South America

Globally, agriculture is the greatest source of threat to biodiversity, through both ongoing conversion of natural habitat and intensification of existing farmland. Land sparing and land sharing have been suggested as alternative approaches to reconcile this threat with the need for land to produce food. To examine which approach holds most promise for grassland species, we examined how bird population densities changed with farm yield (production per unit area) in the Campos of Brazil and Uruguay. We obtained information on biodiversity and crop yields from 24 sites that differed in agricultural yield. Density–yield functions were fitted for 121 bird species to describe the response of population densities to increasing farm yield, measured in terms of both food energy and profit. We categorized individual species according to how their population changed across the yield gradient as being positively or negatively affected by farming and according to whether the species’ total population size was greater under land‐sparing, land‐sharing, or an intermediate strategy. Irrespective of the yield, most species were negatively affected by farming. Increasing yields reduced densities of approximately 80% of bird species. We estimated land sparing would result in larger populations than other sorts of strategies for 67% to 70% of negatively affected species, given current production levels, including three threatened species. This suggests that increasing yields in some areas while reducing grazing to low levels elsewhere may be the best option for bird conservation in these grasslands. Implementing such an approach would require conservation and production policies to be explicitly linked to support yield increases in farmed areas and concurrently guarantee that larger areas of lightly grazed natural grasslands are set aside for conservation.     

麦田O3浓度的长期变化及其对冬小麦干物质和产量损失的估算

近地层臭氧污染及其对作物产量和粮食安全的负面效应已成为国内外广泛关注的焦点之一.利用2014~2016年冬小麦主要生长季期间臭氧浓度和气象因子观测资料,分析了麦田臭氧浓度、AOT40的变化特征.根据Pleijel等2007年修正的气孔导度模型,模拟了冬小麦气孔导度的变化,并与实测值进行对比验证,同时结合通量模型,计算了冬小麦气孔臭氧通量.此外,利用前期课题组建立的模型,估算了臭氧对冬小麦干物质累积和产量的影响.结果表明:臭氧浓度在冬小麦生长季期间从前期到后期逐渐增加,并呈现明显的单峰型日变化特征.从2014~2016年的每年3月1日~5月31日,平均臭氧浓度分别为36.2、37.7和33.6 n L·L~(-1),AOT40值分别为17.08、17.90和11.84μL·(L·h)~(-1).Javis气孔导度模型可以用来模拟本地区冬小麦的气孔导度,模型解释了实测气孔导度81%的变异性.2014~2016年冬小麦气孔臭氧吸收通量分别为9.36、9.32和8.65 mmol·m~(-2).在近3年臭氧浓度平均水平下,近地层臭氧会使冬小麦产量减少18.03%,干物质累积减少19.31%.     

An economic assessment of the health effects and crop yield losses caused by air pollution in mainland China

Air pollution is severe in China, and pollutants such as PM_(2.5) and surface O_3 may cause major damage to human health and crops, respectively. Few studies have considered the health effects of PM_(2.5) or the loss of crop yields due to surface O_3 using model-simulated air pollution data in China. We used gridded outputs from the WRF-Chem model, high resolution population data, and crop yield data to evaluate the effects on human health and crop yield in mainland China. Our results showed that outdoor PM_(2.5) pollution was responsible for 1.70–1.99 million cases of all-cause mortality in 2006. The economic costs of these health effects were estimated to be 151.1–176.9 billion USD, of which 90% were attributed to mortality. The estimated crop yield losses for wheat, rice, maize, and soybean were approximately 9, 4.6, 0.44, and 0.34 million tons, respectively, resulting in economic losses of 3.4 billion USD. The total economic losses due to ambient air pollution were estimated to be 154.5–180.3 billion USD, accounting for approximately 5.7%–6.6% of the total GDP of China in 2006. Our results show that both population health and staple crop yields in China have been significantly affected by exposure to air pollution. Measures should be taken to reduce emissions, improve air quality, and mitigate the economic loss.     

旱作小麦─玉米垅种沟盖地膜带田集水调水与增产效应研究

旱作垅种（小麦）沟盖（玉米）地膜带田优于目前推广的沟种（小麦）垅盖（玉米）带田种植形式。在作物共生期相互调水作用更趋合理，平衡了小麦、玉米不同生育阶段对水分的供需矛盾，作物的生态条件更加适宜，群体结构更加协调，提高了作物的生产量，前者比后者增产９０％～１２５％。