A novel approach for characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution patterns in sediments from Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

A novel multivariate method based on principal component analysis of pre-processed sections of chromatograms is used to characterize the complex PAH pollution patterns in sediments from Guanabara Bay, Brazil. Five distinct sources of 3- to 6-ring PAHs could be revealed. The harbour is the most contaminated site in the bay, its plume stretches in a South West to North East direction and the chemical profile indicates mainly pyrogenic sources mixed with a fraction of high-molecular-weight petrogenic PAHs. Rio São João de Meriti is the second largest source of PAHs, and introduces mainly a fraction of low-molecular-weight petrogenic PAHs from the western region of Rio de Janeiro. The sites close to the ruptured pipeline at the Duque de Caxias Refinery show a distinctive pollution pattern indicating a heavy petroleum fraction. The method also led to the identification of new potential indicator ratios also involving coeluting peaks (e.g., triphenylene and chrysene).     

Numerical investigation concerning the impact of CO2 geologic storage on regional groundwater flow

Large-scale storage of carbon dioxide in saline aquifers may cause considerable pressure perturbation and brine migration in deep rock formations, which may have a significant influence on the regional groundwater system. With the help of parallel computing techniques, we conducted a comprehensive, large-scale numerical simulation of CO₂ geologic storage that predicts not only CO₂ migration, but also its impact on regional groundwater flow. As a case study, a hypothetical industrial-scale CO₂ injection in Tokyo Bay, which is surrounded by the most heavily industrialized area in Japan, was considered, and the impact of CO₂ injection on near-surface aquifers was investigated, assuming relatively high seal-layer permeability (higher than 10 microdarcy). A regional hydrogeological model with an area of about 60 km × 70 km around Tokyo Bay was discretized into about 10 million gridblocks. To solve the high-resolution model efficiently, we used a parallelized multiphase flow simulator TOUGH2-MP/ECO2N on a world-class high performance supercomputer in Japan, the Earth Simulator. In this simulation, CO₂ was injected into a storage aquifer at about 1 km depth under Tokyo Bay from 10 wells, at a total rate of 10 million tons/year for 100 years. Through the model, we can examine regional groundwater pressure buildup and groundwater migration to the land surface. The results suggest that even if containment of CO₂ plume is ensured, pressure buildup on the order of a few bars can occur in the shallow confined aquifers over extensive regions, including urban inlands.     

Nutrient Dynamics in Jiaozhou Bay

Three cruises were carried out in Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) in the neap tide in October 2002 (fall) and in both neap and spring tides in May 2003 (spring) to understand the relative importance of external nutrient inputs versus physical transport and internal biogeochemical processes. Nutrients (, , , , silicic acid, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and phosphorus (TDP), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and phosphorus (DOP)) were measured. The concentrations of nutrients were higher in the northern part than in the southern part. High concentrations of and DON in JZB demonstrated the anthropogenic input. Ambient nutrient ratios indicated that the potential limiting nutrients for phytoplankton growth were silicon, and then phosphorus. Nutrients showed an obvious tidal effect with low values at flood tide and high values at ebb tide. Nutrient elements were transported into JZB in the north and output in the south (i.e., into the Yellow Sea), which varied with season, tidal cycle and investigation sites. Water exchange between JZB and the Yellow Sea exports , and DON out of JZB, while it inputs , silicic acid and DOP into JZB. Nutrient budgets demonstrate that riverine input and wastewater discharge are major sources of nutrients, while residual flow is of minor importance in JZB ecosystem. JZB is a sink for the nutrient elements we studied except for DON. Stoichiometric calculations demonstrate that JZB is a net autotrophic system.     

海州湾潮间带大型底栖动物多样性研究

2015年10月和11月调查了海州湾潮间带A、B 2个断面的大型底栖动物,共发现大型底栖动物29种,其中A断面发现19种,B断面23种;潮间带大型底栖动物的总平均丰度为1 790 m~(-2),总平均生物量185.11 g/m~2。A、B 2断面的丰度生物量差异较大,主要是由于2个断面底质类型不同造成的。潮间带Shannon-Wiener多样性指数平均值为2.90,波动为2.44~3.45,其沉积物环境存在轻度有机质污染。     

用后向空气轨迹方法对胶州湾主要大气污染物分布的分析

采用青岛崂山点位2005-2009年的大气监测数据,利用HYSPLIT4.8模式和象限分析方法,计算出污染物的方位贡献情况,判断出胶州湾大气污染物的传输路径主要为北、西北和西部路径,S02、N02和PM10在北部和西北部象限的5年平均贡献率分别为25.32％和28.21％、21.16％和21.53％以及20.25％和22.83％,这与胶州湾东方和东南方为海洋、北方和西北方为工业城市有关.通过个例分析得出的传输路径与象限分析的结果一致.另一方面,胶州湾地区的主要污染物在过去5年中的年均值浓度变化显示,SD2浓度呈下降趋势,NO2浓度呈上升趋势,PM10浓度变化趋势不明显.为调查青岛市和周边5个省污染物排放水平对胶州湾污染物分布的影响,分析了2005-2009年的相关环境统计数据,SO,的排放量下降,燃料煤消耗量、氮氧化物排放量以及机动车数量逐年升高可能是导致胶州湾地区污染物浓度变化的原因.     

胶州湾入海河流和排污口水体中壬基酚的污染状况调查及入海通量核算

调查了2009年枯水期和丰水期胶州湾河流入海口和污水处理厂排污口壬基酚污染状况,并初步估算了胶州湾陆源壬基酚的入海通量。结果显示,入胶州湾各河流水体中壬基酚浓度差异较大,枯水期和丰水期分别为0.11～3.17 μg/L和0.09～10.8 μg/L,其中墨水河污染最为严重,其次为娄山河、海泊河、跃进河、李村河、大沽河、镰湾河和白沙河,而洋河污染则相对较轻;各污水处理厂出水口壬基酚浓度相对稳定,枯水期和丰水期为0.11～0.17 μg/L和0.15～0.29 μg/L。枯水期和丰水期胶州湾壬基酚入海通量分别为6.5 kg/d和11.8 kg/d。     

Levels and distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in fishes from Manila Bay, the Philippines

Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) and stable isotope ratios (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) were determined in 58 fishes belonging to 20 species collected from Manila Bay, the Philippines. OPCs were detected in most of the samples and found up to μg/g lw (lipid weight) level, suggesting their ubiquitous presence in the coastal marine environment of the Philippines. Higher levels (>1000 ng/g lw) of total OPCs were determined in yellowstriped goatfish, silver sillago, tripletail wrasse and bumpnose trevally indicates either their active uptake from ambient water or lower metabolic capacity of these species. Levels of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) in demersal species showed a positive correlation with δ¹⁵N, indicating that TPhP was adsorbed onto the particle, settled down to the bottom sediment and accumulated through the benthic food web rather than the pelagic. Estimated dietary intake of OPCs in Manila Bay fishes were four to five orders of magnitude lower than the proposed reference dose (RfD).     

流沙湾多环芳烃(PAHs)污染特征和来源分析

PAHs的生物富集性使其在养殖海域的研究对人体健康和生态环境具有重要意义。流沙湾海水PAHs污染的特征是2-3环的化合物为主要污染物,总体浓度水平较低,但变化大;内湾PAHs含量较外湾高,与各站点所在位置,水体交换以及污染源有关;由菲/蒽和荧蒽/芘7、种化合物的线性相关性,以及主因子成份分析得出流沙湾PAHs的污染源主要为石油源和燃料燃烧等混合源。     

珠江口赤湾一次双相赤潮成因初探

对2002年6月4日至13日在珠江口赤湾至桂山岛一带海域发生的赤潮进行跟踪监测,并根据监测结果对赤潮生物与各水化要素进行相关性分析。结果表明,该次赤潮为无纹环沟藻(Gyrodimium instriatum)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costa-tum)引起的双相赤潮。赤潮期间,两种赤潮生物与pH值和溶解氧的相关性不明显;无纹环沟藻个体数量与活性硅酸盐含量之间呈显著负相关关系,而与活性磷酸盐含量和无机氮含量之间相关关系不明显;中肋骨条藻个体数量与活性磷酸盐含量成明显负相关关系而与活性硅酸盐、无机氮含量之间相关关系不明显;富营养化是形成本次赤潮的基础,而主要赤潮生物(无纹环沟藻和中肋骨条藻)的交互演替,则与其相互之间存在的竞争关系有关。     

胶州湾不同形态磷的沉积记录及生物可利用性研究

利用磷的连续分级浸取法,研究了胶州湾柱状沉积物不同粒级中磷的赋存形态,并探讨了影响磷含量与分布的因素和沉积物中磷的生物可利用性.结果表明,在细、中和粗3个粒级的沉积物中,无机磷是磷的主要赋存形态,Ca-P则是无机磷的优势形态,有机磷只占较小的比例.粒度、有机碳(OC)、pH以及氧化还原电位等是影响胶州湾沉积物中磷的地球化学特征的重要因素.其中除Ca-P外,其他形态的磷大都随着粒度的变细,含量逐渐增加.磷的生物可利用性分析表明,胶州湾潜在的生物可利用磷主要包括可交换态磷、铝结合态磷、铁结合态磷和有机磷等4种赋存形态,并且潜在的生物可利用磷的含量随着粒度的变细,其所占的比例也逐渐增加.沉积物中生物可利用性磷与浮游植物的数量和水体中的磷酸盐大致呈正相关关系.