基于GIS的喀斯特山区实照时数时空分布研究——以广西巴马瑶族自治县为例

论文采用基于DEM的起伏地形下实照时数计算模型,以广西巴马县为例,在GIS技术的支持下对研究区域实照时数的时空分布进行模拟和结果验证,结果表明,研究区域内实照时数模拟值和气象站实测值之间具有较好的一致性,决定系数高达0.996。并探讨喀斯特地区实照时数的时空分布特点,分析了不同时间尺度下实照时数的变化情况,讨论坡度、坡向、地形起伏度和地表粗糙度等地形因子对实照时数空间分布的影响。该方法可为喀斯特地区提供重要的气候基础数据,对喀斯特地区小气候和农业气象资源分布的研究有重要意义。     

基于HPR在线监测控制SBR曝气历时实现短程脱氮

应用新型自动呼吸-滴定测量仪在线测量pH值、HPR等信号,进行了在SBR内实现短程脱氮的研究.采用SBR处理人工合成废水,COD和NH4+-N浓度分别为360,40mg/L,温度稳定在20℃,DO低于2mg/L,基于HPR在线监测控制SBR曝气历时.运行约60d后,亚硝酸盐积累率达到88%,COD和NH4+-N去除率均在90%以上,稳定实现了短程硝化反硝化.应用HPR估计硝化过程的NH4+-N浓度发现,NH4+-N实测值与基于HPR的计算值间存在良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9722;计算值整体低于实测值,主要是由曝气初期的滴定启动滞后所致.     

Effects of Urbanization on Flow Duration and Stream Flashiness: A Case Study of Puget Sound Streams,Western Washington,USA

The overall influence of urbanization on how flows of different frequency might change over time, while important in hydrologic design, remains imprecisely known. In this study, we investigate the effects of urbanization on flow duration curves (FDCs) and flow variability through a case study of eight watersheds that underwent different amounts of growth, in the Puget Sound region in Western Washington State, United States. We computed annual FDCs from flow records spanning 1960‐2010 and, after accounting for the effects of precipitation, we conducted statistical trend analyses on flow metrics to quantify how key FDC percentiles changed with time in response to urbanization. In the urban watersheds, the entire FDC tended to increase in magnitude of flow, especially the 95th‐99th percentile of the daily mean flow series, which increased by an average of 43%. Stream flashiness in urban watersheds was found to increase by an average of 70%. The increases in FDC magnitude and flashiness in urbanizing watersheds are most likely a result of increasing watershed imperviousness and altered hydrologic routing. Rural watersheds were found to have decreasing FDC magnitude over the same time period, which is possibly due to anthropogenic extractions of groundwater, and increasing stream flashiness, which is likely a result of reductions in base flow and increasing precipitation intensity and variability.     

青藏高原年日照时数的年代际变化趋势

利用1961~2007年青藏高原68个气象台站日照时数观测资料,通过统计方法分析了近47 a来青藏高原年日照时数的年代际变化趋势,得到以下几点初步认识：青藏高原年日照时数整体上呈现自东南向西北增加的特点,并且其空间变化趋势也存在明显的区域差异。青藏高原东南部、西藏中部和西藏西南部以及青海北部地区年日照时数减少较为明显,高原西部、西藏中东部地区和青海南部年日照时数呈增加趋势;近47 a来青藏高原年日照时数具有明显的年代际变化特征,年日照时数增加区和减少区分别存在12.1和21.1 a左右的时间尺度;增加区在20世纪60年代至80年代年日照时数处于偏多阶段, 90年代至21世纪初日照时数呈明显的减少趋势;减少区则表现为20世纪60年代至70年代年日照时数有所增加, 90年代日照时数开始急剧减少,21世纪初达到最低值。各年代之间年日照时数变化特点同样具有明显的区域差异。     

负荷历时曲线法在梁子湖流域污染容量总量控制中的应用

采用负荷历时曲线法(LDC),基于水质保护目标,研究水体纳污能力,确定最大日负荷总量(TMDL)是当前流域污染总量控制的主要方法之一。根据梁子湖高桥河流域控制断面2008~2011年的水文、水质数据,以主要污染物COD为指标,将负荷历史曲线法运用到梁子湖高桥河等子流域污染容量总量控制中,对该流域的最大日负荷(TMDL)变化规律进行分析,提出流域不同水文条件下的污染负荷消减量。研究结果表明:梁子湖水环境受面源污染影响较大。高桥河、徐家港、张家桥港、山坡港、宁港流域,在高流量期实际负荷值均已超出了允许负荷,其削减量分别为61.36、4.33、12.98、3.84、7.13 t/d;徐家港和宁港流域在丰水期实际负荷值也超出了允许负荷,削减量分别为0.16、0.17 t/d。该研究为流域相关管理部门对湖泊水环境的污染控制提供可靠的决策依据。     

东莞地区PM2.5湿清除的观测研究

通过对东莞市2013—2017年降水、PM_2.5观测数据统计研究发现,降雨及PM_2.5浓度存在负相关关系,降雨对PM_2.5具有一定的清除效果.PM_2.5浓度下降的降水过程有376次,浓度上升的降水过程有333次,部分降水过程浓度出现明显反弹,应与气溶胶再悬浮机制有关.在所有PM_2.5初始浓度低于40 μg·m^-3的个例中,浓度下降的个例占比约49.4%,而当PM_2.5初始浓度高于40 μg·m^-3时,浓度下降的个例占比约71.2%,说明PM_2.5粒子数量较多时,雨滴对粒子的捕获能力较强,降雨前PM_2.5的初始浓度可以作为判断降雨后PM_2.5浓度是否下降的预报依据.雨强小,也是造成雨后PM_2.5浓度反弹的原因.对于有效清除个例,雨强与清除率存在正相关关系,雨强越强,整体的清除作用有所加强.降水持续时间是影响PM_2.5清除作用的重要因素,持续时间超过6 h的小雨降水过程能达到40%的清除率效果,中雨以上降水过程持续时间越长,PM_2.5的清除效果越好.在浓度反弹的个例中,在低的初始浓度条件下,降水强度与降水持续时间对PM_2.5浓度反弹影响均较小,在初始浓度大于30 μg·m^-3的条件下,平均反弹幅度收窄,初始浓度的增加,使得雨滴与颗粒物之间的碰并作用加强,降水强度的增大,使这种碰并作用进一步加强,进而制约了PM_2.5浓度反弹的幅度.降雨末期,细粒径颗粒物数浓度回升明显,小雨滴蒸发使细粒子脱离再次在空中悬浮,是造成雨后颗粒物浓度出现回升的主要原因.     

中国东南部太阳辐射变化特征、影响因素及其对区域气候的影响

基于8个站点1961年以来的长期太阳辐射及其它气象观测数据,通过线性回归、相关分析等方法,探讨近半个世纪以来中国东南部太阳辐射的变化特征,并分析了太阳辐射变化的影响因素以及对区域气候的影响。结果表明：该地区地表总太阳辐射自1961年以来呈下降趋势,变化率为-10.17MJ·m-2·a-1。太阳辐射下降主要集中在1961到1990年间,该时间段的下降趋势达到-39.43MJ·m-2·a-1,主要表现为直接辐射显著下降,散射辐射则变化不大;1990年代以后,地表总太阳辐射开始呈现上升趋势,变化率为13.21MJ·m-2·a-1。该地区太阳辐射变化与全球范围内太阳辐射＂变暗＂及＂变亮＂的变化是一致的。从云量对太阳辐射的作用来看,该地区太阳辐射的变化很有可能是受到低云量变化的影响;而太阳辐射的这种变化直接导致气温发生变化,使得最高气温和最低气温的变化出现不一致,日较差随之发生改变。     

The effect of male sodium diet and mating history on female reproduction in the puddling squinting bush brown<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Bicyclus anynana</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera)

The males of butterflies transfer a spermatophore to the female during mating that can contain nutrients enhancing the reproductive potential of their partners. The nutrients transferred by males can be derived from both larval and adult feeding. These nutrients may be depleted by multiple matings. An apparent difference in adult feeding behaviour between the sexes is puddling on mud, dung and carrion, which in most butterfly species is exclusively a male behaviour. A possible explanation for this division in feeding behaviour is that nutrients derived from puddling by males are transferred to the female during mating. Here, we test this hypothesis in the African fruit-feeding butterfly Bicyclus anynana. We varied the male nuptial gift by (1) feeding males either a diet with or without sodium, and (2) varying the number of previous successful copulations by remating males up to five times on consecutive days. The results show both a strong effect of order of mating on the mating duration, and an individual effect with some males typically copulating for a shorter time than others. The effects on female reproduction were, however, minimal. The total number of eggs per female and the sodium content of the eggs did not differ significantly between diets, nor were they affected by the mating histories of the males. Eggs showed a non-significant lower hatching for females partnered by a male who had already mated several times. There was an indication of an interaction with male diet: the sodium treatment showing a decline in egg hatchability with order number of male mating, whilst the control treatment showed a constant hatchability. The results are discussed in relation to determinants of male gift-giving strategy and to other potential explanations for a restriction of puddling to males in butterflies.Communicated by M.A. Elgar     

绵阳大气中二氧化硫浓度升高的原因探讨

针对1990年和1991年绵阳市SO_2浓度升高,尤其是1990年和1991年元月监测的SO_2浓度值更高。经研究发现监测采样时的气象条件对污染物测定值产生重要影响。     

防霾口罩呼吸阻力的研究

通过对8种常用类型防霾口罩的实验测试,采用回归曲线分析方法得出了防霾口罩呼吸阻力随使用时间的变化函数形式,同时也通过实验数据统计给出了各种类型口罩的建议使用时长,建议N90和N95无纺布防霾口罩在空气轻度污染下使用时长不超过11~12 h,中度污染下不超过8~10 h;而棉布为面料的N95口罩在轻度污染下使用时长不超过7 h,中度污染下不超过6 h。