SETTING AN EFFECTIVE TMDL: SEDIMENT LOADING AND EFFECTS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT ON FISR1

ABSTRACT: The Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport model was used to examine the relationship between fish and suspended sediment in the context of a proposed total maximum daily load (TMDL) in two agricultural watersheds in Minnesota. During a 50‐year simulation, Wells Creek, a third‐order cold water stream, had an estimated 1,164 events (i.e., one or more consecutive days of estimated sediment loading) and the Chippewa River, a fourth‐order warm water stream, had 906 events of measurable suspended sediment. Sublethal thresholds were exceeded for 970 events and lethal levels for 194 events for brown trout in Wells Creek, whereas adult nonsalmonids would have experienced sublethal levels for 923 events and lethal levels for 241 events. Sublethal levels were exceeded for 756 events and lethal thresholds were exceeded for 150 events in the Chippewa River. Nonsalmonids would have experienced 15 events of mortality between 0 and 20 percent in Wells Creek. In the Chippewa River, there were 35 events of mortality between 0 and 20 percent and one event in which mortality could have exceeded 20 percent. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has proposed listing stream reaches as being impaired for turbidity at 25 NTU, which is approximately 46 mg suspended sediment/1. We estimated that 46 mg/1 would be exceeded approximately 30 days in a year (d/yr) in both systems. A TMDL of 46 mg SS/1 may be too high to ensure that stream fishes are not negatively affected by suspended sediment. We recommend that an indicator incorporating the duration of exposure be applied.     

IMPACT OF COAL SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION ON SURFACE WATER CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS AND LOAD RATES IN THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Information is lacking on the watershed scale effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds for coal on surface water chemical concentrations and load rates for a variety of constituents. These effects were evaluated on three small, geologically dissimilar watersheds subjected to surface mining in Ohio. Comparisons were made between phases of land disturbances using ratios of average concentrations and load rates: Phase 1 (natural), subphases of Phase 2 (mining and reclamation), and subphases of Phase 3 (partial reclamation and final condition) using 4,485 laboratory analyses of 34 constituents. Average concentration and load rate ratios were categorized into three classes—minor, moderate, and substantial. Mining and reclamation (M/R) affected flow duration curves in different ways‐baseflow changes were variable, but high flows generally increased. The average concentration ratios for all sites were classified as 15 percent “minor,” 36 percent “moderate,” and 49 percent “substantial” (average ratio of 2.4.) Generally load rate ratios increased due to mining and reclamation activities (average ratio of 3.3). Minor, moderate, and substantial impacts were found on average for 7 percent, 23 percent, and 70 percent, respectively, of load rate ratios. The impact of M/R on average load rates was not necessarily the same as on average concentrations due to changed hydrology and can be opposite in effect. The evaluation of the impacts of M/R requires knowledge of changing hydrologic conditions and changing supplies and rates of release of chemicals into streams. Median sediment concentration ratio is an indicator of average constituent load rate ratio of a wide variety of chemical constituents and is useful for development of best management practices to reduce chemical loads. The site at which diversion ditches were not removed during final reclamation sustained large chemical load rates, and removal of diversions at the other mined site reduced load rates. Revegetation of poorly reclaimed areas decreased chemical load rates. Chemical load rates were sensitive to geology, mining, and reclamation methods, diversions, and changing hydrology, concentration flow rate regressions, and watershed areas.     

STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS OF OREGON1

ABSTRACT: Streamflow data for water years 1978–84 were evaluated to identify streamflow characteristics for 13 small watersheds (0.46–7.00 mi²) in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon and to determine differences among grazing intensities and vegetation types. The ranges for mean annual water yields, peak flows, and 7-day low flows for the 13 watersheds were 5.5–28.1 inches, 2.0–34.7 cfsm, and 0.006–0.165 cfsm, respectively. Two classes of vegetation were evaluated: (1) western larch-Douglas-fir (nine watersheds) and (2) other (four watersheds representing fir-spruce, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, and mountain meadow). The means for annual peak flows and the slopes of the flow.duration curve were significantly different (p=0.05) for the two vegetation classes; differences in mean annual water yield were marginallysignificant(0.05< p <0.10). After they were adjusted for precipitation, the means for annual water yield, peak flows, and slopes of the flow-duration curve were significantly different for the two vegetation classes; differences in the means for annual 7-day low flows were marginally significant. The western larch-Douglas-fir group had somewhat lower water yields but, overall, tended to have more favorable streamfiow characteristics including lower peak flows, higher low flows, and more evenly distributed flow regimes (flatter flow-duration curves) than the “other” class. Four levels of grazing intensity had no effect on streamilow characteristics.     

水库地震的地震动特性

利用新丰江、黄壁庄、喀什、龙羊峡、官厅、刘家峡和陡河等水库地震的近场地面运动资料，给出了水库地震地震动的峰值加速度衰减关系、频谱特性和持续时间。分析结果表明，较：天然地震而言，水库地震的地面运动峰值加速度高，衰减快；地震动反应谱特征频率高，持续时间短；场地卓越周期以坚硬基岩的最短，硬土次之，软土最长。研究得到的水库地震的地震动衰减关系和频谱特性可为水工结构的抗震设计和加固提供借鉴。     

新疆伊犁州2次6级地震加速度记录特征对比分析

分析了伊犁州2次6级地震地震动峰值不对称比、持时、峰值衰减特征和规律,选取5个典型台站的加速度记录,其中2个台站获得了较大加速度峰值,仪器烈度达VIII度,另外3个台站在2次地震中都获取记录,一个位于伊犁河谷、一个位于北天山山前、一个位于南天山山前,分别进行了地震动反应谱和傅氏谱比特征的对比分析。通过对2次地震强震动记录特征研究,探讨新疆伊犁州地区中强地震的强震动特征。     

地震动特征的统计分析

统计了国内外287次5级以上的实际地震记录,研究了地震动峰值不对称比、持时、地震荷载类型的统计特征和规律。结果表明：地震动峰值具有明显的不对称性,可以用峰值不对称比描述,统计结果具有规律性,其平均值总体上随震级加大而略有降低,从5级到8级地震其范围变化为1.4～1.2;地震动持时随震级增大而增大,近似于线性增长,震级从...     

Effects of water regime, crop residues, and application rates on control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Biological soil disinfestation is an effective method to control soil-borne disease by flooding and incorporating with organic amendments, but field conditions and resources sometimes limited its practical application. A laboratory experiment was conducted to develop practice guidelines on controlling Fusarium wilt, a widespread banana disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense(FOC). FOC infested soil incorporated with rice or maize straw at rates of 1.5 tons/ha and 3.0 tons/ha was incubated under flooded or water-saturated(100% water holding capacity) conditions at 30℃ for 30 days. Results showed that FOC populations in the soils incorporated with either rice or maize straw rapidly reduced more than 90% in the first 15 days and then fluctuated till the end of incubation, while flooding alone without organic amendment reduced FOC populations slightly. The rapid and dramatic decrease of redox potential(down to- 350 m V) in straw-amended treatments implied that both anaerobic condition and strongly reductive soil condition would contribute to pathogen inactivation. Water-saturation combined with straw amendments had the comparable effects on reduction of FOC, indicating that flooding was not indispensable for inactivating FOC. There was no significant difference in the reduction of FOC observed in the straw amendments at between 1.5 and 3 tons/ha. Therefore,incorporating soil with straw(rice or maize straw) at a rate of 3.0 tons/ha under 100%water holding capacity or 1.5 tons/ha under flooding, would effectively alleviate banana Fusarium wilt caused by FOC after 15-day treating under 30℃.     

青藏高原四季日照时数年际、年代际变化趋势分析

利用1961-2007年青藏高原日照时数资料,通过统计方法初步分析了近47年青藏高原四季日照时数的年际、年代际变化特征,得到以下几点初步认识：青藏高原四季日照时数整体上均呈现自东南向西北增加的特点,其空间变化也存在明显的区域差异：青藏高原西部和中部日照时数增加,高原东南部和北部呈减少的趋势。近47年来青藏高原四季日照时数年际和年代际变化明显,总体均呈减少趋势,20世纪60年代以偏少为主,70年代和80年代整体偏多,90年代和21世纪初高原日照时数以偏少为主,各年代之间日照时数区域差异明显。     

Effects of mating history on ejaculate size, fecundity, longevity, and copulation duration in the ant-tended lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras

The mating system of the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, is highly unusual compared to most other Lepidoptera. Characteristics of this system, which has been termed an ’explosive mating strategy,’ include the formation of an intensely competitive mating aggregation of males, a highly male biased operational sex ratio, a lack of discrimination and mate choice by both sexes, a high variance in male mating success, and female monogamy. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that multiple mating by males imposes physiological costs resulting in smaller spermatophores, and that this results in a fitness cost to females. We found that male J. evagoras transferred only 2.2% of their eclosion weight during their first mating, consistent with the hypothesis that males of monandrous species produce a relatively small investment. The wet weight of the ejaculate declined by an average of 27% at the second mating and the dry weight by 29%, and an intermating interval of 5–9 days was needed for the ejaculate to return to the size at the first mating, regardless of male size or age. Wet ejaculate mass increased proportionally with male size, though dry mass was proportionally larger in smaller males. Ejaculate mass tended to increase with male age at both first and second matings. Female characteristics, in general, did not affect ejaculate mass, although the wet weight of the ejaculate was positively associated with female weight at the second mating. Copulation duration increased from 2.4 h to approximately 3 h at the second mating, and to over 4 h at the third and fourth matings. Fecundity was positively correlated with female size but not with mating history, copulation duration, or any other characteristics measured for either males or females. Female longevity declined significantly as the number of times the male partner had previously mated increased. We conclude that despite the small male investment in ejaculate, the costs of multiple mating may nonetheless be significant, as indicated by the reduction in ejaculate mass, an increase in copulation duration, and reduction in female lifespan with increasing mating number. Received: 22 January 1999 / Received in revised form: 28 July 1999 / Accepted: 18 September 1999     

西北地区太阳能资源空间分布特征及资源潜力评估

太阳能资源的开发利用对人类减少化石燃料的消费及温室气体的排放具有极其重要的意义。因此,研究某一区域太阳能资源的时空分布及稳定性对于开发利用太阳能资源至关重要。论文从区域的角度,利用西北5省西安、西宁、兰州等27个辐射站逐日太阳总辐射(1961—2008年)和延安、乌鲁木齐、安康等163个气象站逐日日照时数资料(1958—2008年),用统计分析和规则样条函数插值相结合的方法,采用太阳总辐射和日照时数作为评价指标,分析了西北地区近50 a来太阳能资源的时空变化特征。结果表明:①研究区太阳能资源年际变化和季节变化特征基本一致,中部青海地区日照时数最长和太阳能总辐射最为丰富,属于资源丰富区,陕西南部及西南部地区太阳能资源相对最为贫乏,属于资源缺乏区;②近50 a来,西北地区年总辐射呈明显下降趋势,年均日照时数下降趋势较缓;③163个气象站近10 a各月日照时数大于6 h的天数有45～327 d,大部分站点在200 d以上,其中每年有15个站点大于300 d;④陕西中及南部、乌鲁木齐周边地区太阳能资源最不稳定,太阳能稳定程度指数K值最高,为12.21,而青海北部及青、甘、新三省交界地带资源最为稳定,K值最低,为1.27;⑤太阳能资源的稳定程度与资源潜力大小分布较为一致,即太阳能资源较为稳定的地区,总辐射最高、日照时间最长。