盾构隧道的开挖模拟及地震反应数值分析

由于盾构隧道掘进的特殊施工工艺,使开挖模拟的数值计算存在着诸多难以量化的因素。采用应力释放法模拟盾构隧道的开挖,在衬砌和土体之间设置等代层单元模拟盾构施工的影响,求得竣工期的应力场和位移场。在静力计算基础上运用动力有限元时程分析法,采用粘性人工边界条件,分析了隧道衬砌在地震过程中的最大响应。其结果和规律可为一般的盾构隧道地震反应分析提供借鉴。     

MODEL STUDIES OF SALT WATER INTRUSION1

Model studies were and are still being used to verify certain theories in ground-water flow systems in general. In complex cases, the model studies may be extremely useful especially when a theoretical rigorous analysis does not exist. The models cannot be considered entirely satisfactory due to the several drawbacks in each type in addition to the normal human errors in experimentation. This paper is concerned only with the viscous flow models. However, a brief summary of the other types of models, which may possibly be used in connection with salt water intrusion problems is given. It should be noted that some of such experiments are not directly related to the field of salt water intrusion. Two main types lie within this category: The gravity flow systems which are analogous to some phases of salt intrusion problems and problems in oil fields which bear general similarities to sea water intrusion zones. In oil fields, gas cycling studies give valuable information to sea water problems. Model studies are used by hydraulic engineers, geologists, petroleum engineers, physicists, foundation engineers and several other professional groups.     

粘性泥石流运动模型的实验研究

粘性泥石流运动模型的研究因受实验条件的限制,还很不完善。国内外学者应用较多的５种模型都有一定的适用性,但也都存在不同的缺陷。本文应用粘性泥石流土样中的细颗粒和粗颗粒进行流变实验,不仅得到了粗颗粒在浆体中的沉降特性和泥石流体的流变特性,还研究了粘性泥石流运动模型及其参数。所提模型能很好地反映泥石流体的流变特性,较现有的５种模型能更好地描述粘性泥石流。     

原油储罐呼吸损耗测试中的问题探讨

影响原油储罐呼吸损耗的因素有原油蒸汽压、油罐结构、周转量、周转时间、罐内空间高度（生产上称空高）和温差等,通过对行业标准SY5267-91《油田原油损耗测试方法》的实际运用,分析了影响测试准确度的因素,提出了改进方法。     

Colonial公司原油管道泄漏事故原因分析及启示

介绍了一起在美国南卡罗来纳州发生的原油管道泄漏事故，分析了事故的主要原因，并对我国原油管道的维护管理提出建议。     

大落差原油管道投产油顶水过程研究

为了探究隔离球在大落差原油管段投产过程中的影响作用,以某大落差“U”型起伏原油管线为实际案例（其最大高差达1 490 m）,基于OLGA多相流瞬态模拟方法,对大落差原油管段油顶水过程进行仿真研究。分析隔离球对原油顶水过程中的混油影响,同时对不同输量、管内积液量条件下隔离球在大落差管段中的运动特性进行研究,得到了清管器的平均运行速度、管中压力、持液率的变化趋势以及清管过程中的段塞行为等。结果表明:当输量为900~2 500 m3/h时,隔离球的加入能够降低混油量84.2%~93.7%;同时,还能减少投产过程中由于油品轻质组分汽化所产生的气体,并将更多管内气体带走,减少管中段塞流,提高原油投产效率,为工程实际投产过程提供有效依据。     

水势与用氮量对土壤中石油降解的影响

研究了石油降解过程中，土壤有效氮的动态变化，不同用氮水平在两种土壤上对石油降解速率的影响，以及石油降解的土壤水势条件。结果表明，石油对土壤的污染没有影响土壤水势；在土壤水势为－１００～－２０ｋＰａ范围内，水势的降低没有影响石油分解，而当土壤水势为－１０００ｋＰａ时，石油降解速率与对照相比下降了１０％～３５％。在壤土上，肥料氮添加在碳（石油中碳）氮（肥料中氮）比为９０时，石油降解最快；过多施用肥料氮会降低石油的分解速率。     

不同AM真菌对三叶草耐油性的影响

在盆栽条件下研究了4个油浓度（0、5000、10000和50000w/mgkg^-1）下接种辽河油田污染土壤中分离出的3种AM真菌（Glomus mosseae，G.geospora，G.constrictum）对三叶草耐油性的影响。试验结果表明：1）随着油浓度的增加，侵染率亦增加，10000mgkg^-1时G.geospora和G.constrictum的侵染率分别为67.65％和82.86％；2）从侵染率、地上部生物量和菌根依赖性来看，随着油浓度的增加，最适的AM真菌亦不一样，油浓度为0、5000和10000mgkg^-1时，最适AM真菌分别是G.geospora、G.mosseae和G.constrictum；3）油污染土壤上接种AM真菌能促进植株的地下部和地上部的生长，接菌处理的茎干重比相应的对照增加62.2％-267.1％；4）随着油浓度的增加和植物的生育进程，AM真菌的接种效应在增强。图3表3参14     

Toxic Effects of Crude Oil Combined with Oil Cleaner Simple Green on Yolk-sac Larvae and Adult Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (4 pp)

Background, Goal and Scope Cleaner CRYSTAL Simple Green (SG) was used for the cleanup of the oil spill in the Baltic Sea near Lithuania in 2001. No scientific data are available on the effects and consequences of its application for local aquatic life. The aim of this study was to determine and compare sublethal effects of a) solution SG; b) crude oil alone; c) SG in combination with oil on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at different stages of its development in laboratory conditions.Methods Laboratory studies were performed on adult rainbow trout (4-day duration) and on yolk-sac larvae (25-day duration) evaluating their biological parameters. Concentrations of water-soluble and thin-dispersed fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons were measured using gas chromatography.Results and Discussion SG solution (0.5 mg/l) did not affect the survival of larvae and adult fish, and no significant changes were determined in respiratory parameters of the exposed larvae and adult fish. The most expressed alterations were found in morphological parameters (a decrease in the average body mass) of larvae and in haematological indices (a decrease in the leukocyte count) of adult fish at the end of the tests. Crude oil (1610 mg/l) did not affect the survival of adult fish during the 4-day exposure. An increase in larvae mortality rate (~ 36%) was recorded at the end of the tests. A significant decrease in the average body mass and heart rate of larvae as well as in gill ventilation frequency of larvae and adult fish were determined. SG combined with oil induced an increase in larval mortality  46% of individuals died at the end of the tests. No mortality was recorded in adult fish. The average body mass and heart rate of larvae were significantly decreased. Marked changes were also found in respiratory parameters (gill ventilation frequency of larvae and adult fish significantly decreased, while “coughing” rate increased). A 1-day, 2-day exposure of fish to SG combined with oil induced a significant decrease in the leukocyte count of adult fish, which was also determined at the end of the tests. The augmentation of adverse impact could be explained by the data obtained from our studies. When SG was added into dilution water with crude oil the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the mixture increased 3 ~ 4.5 times after 24 h and 96 h, respectively. Conclusions The comparative study of the effects of crude oil alone, SG and SG combined with oil showed that their toxic effects on fish differed. Oil combined with SG was found to be more toxic to fish (larvae and adults) than SG alone and oil alone. Fish at early stages of development (yolk-sac larvae) were more sensitive to the effects of the compounds studied than adults.Recommendations and Outlook To diminish the negative impact of oil spill cleanup using chemicals on aquatic ecosystems, it is recommended to carry out more comprehensive studies of their effects and after-effects in laboratory conditions using a wide scale of local aquatic organisms. The selected species of the most sensitive aquatic organisms should include those which are unable to escape the impact of combined action of oil and cleaners. Special attention should be directed to the research of effects of these pollutants on studied organisms at their most sensitive stages of life (reproduction, hatching, early stages of development), as after-effects of exposure to pollutants may be observed in future generations.     

高效烃类降解菌在稠油污水生化处理中的应用

从稠油污水中筛选出四株高效烃类降解菌株,经初步鉴定HD-1、HD-2、HD-4为假单胞菌属,HD-3为芽孢杆菌属。研究了菌株对高温高盐环境的耐受性,采用正交试验法确定了最佳降解效果时各菌的投加量。同时采用生物接触氧化工艺进行了室内模拟实验,探索了高温环境下所筛选菌株对稠油污水的处理效果,重点研究菌株对含油量和COD的去除能力。通过逐渐缩短停留时间,最终将停留时间缩短为8h,发现这种条件下,出水的含油量<1mg/L,达到了高压注汽锅炉用水的标准,对COD的去除率达到70%,去除效果也非常显著。