水生植物提取液对蓝藻的抑制作用

采用对照试验,模拟研究不同氮磷营养、水温等条件下,添加水生植物（睡莲）提取液对蓝藻生长的抑制作用。实验证实了植物提取液对蓝藻有抑制作用,在不同生长条件下,细胞密度为6×10^7～2×10^10个／L时,可达到降低蓝藻50％的生长率。     

广西南宁发展燃料乙醇与节能减排的关系

摘要：根据生命周期评价,对燃料乙醇的节能和减排效果进行分析,依据发展规划,得出广西南宁发展燃料乙醇对节能减排的影响。结果表明,发展燃料乙醇将在节能和减排方面均产生积极作用,应加大在南宁乃至广西发展非粮燃料乙醇产业的力度。     

Nitrification characteristics of nitrobacteria immobilized in waterborne polyurethane in wastewater of corn-based ethanol fuel production

A technology to achieve stable and high ammonia nitrogen removal rates for corn distillery wastewater (ethanol fuel production) treatment has been designed. The characteristics of nitrifying bacteria entrapped in a waterborne polyurethane (WPU) gel carrier were evaluated after acclimation. In the acclimation period, nitrification rates of WPU-immobilized nitrobacteria were monitored and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also carried out to investigate the change in ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. The results showed that the pellet nitrification rates increased from 21 to 228 mg-N/(L-pellet. hr) and the quantity of the ammonia oxidation bacteria increased substantially during the acclimation. A continuous ammonia removal experiment with the anaerobic pond effluent of a distillery wastewater system was conducted with immobilized nitrifying bacteria for 30 days using an 80 L airlift reactor with pellets at a fill ratio of 15% (V/V). Under the conditions of 75 mg/L influent ammonia, hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.7--5.6 hr, and dissolved oxygen (DO) of 4 mg/L, the effluent ammonia concentration was lower than 10 mg/L and the ammonia removal efficiency was 90%. While the highest ammonia removal rate, 162 mg-N/(L-pellet.hr), was observed when the HRT was 1.3 hr.     

An effective approach to improve ethanol productivity by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of rice straw

Fuel ethanol was produced using rice straw with the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) method. The influence of cellulose liquefaction pretreatment and Fe²⁺ quantity on ethanol productivity was investigated in detail. At the same time, the optimized conditions including fermentation temperature, Fe²⁺ amount, yeast inoculation quantity, and the inoculated cellulose enzyme dosage in the SSF process were systematically investigated by analyzing fuel ethanol yield. The result indicated that fuel ethanol yield was 0.319 g per gram rice straw by SSF approach when appropriate amount of Fe²⁺ was added into the reaction system. The optimal technology parameters were: fermenting temperature of 36°C, Fe²⁺ amount of 4 mg · g^?1, inoculating proportion of 20%, cellulose enzyme of 20 IU · g^?1, and Pachysolen tannophilu/saecharomyces cerevisiae of 1:2 ratio. The ethanol yield under the best conditions was larger than that of the control group. We hope that this research can facilitate to achieve large-scale comprehensive utilization for rice straw.     

稻草浸泡液对藻类抑制作用机制

室内研究了不同降解方式和降解时间的稻草浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制效果及其抑藻机制.结果表明,稻草本身存在抑藻活性物质,低温浸泡4 d的无菌稻草液在2.5 g/L投加量下,对微囊藻的抑制作用达到了69.3%.在稻草浸泡液抑藻过程中,稻草产生的化学物质作用和生物作用同时存在,其相对大小取决于稻草的降解方式和降解时间.对于厌氧降解浸泡液而言,主要通过化学物质的作用抑藻,其抑藻效果随稻草厌氧降解时间的延长明显减弱,如厌氧浸泡15　d和30 d的稻草液在1.5 g/L浓度下其抑制率分别为83％和46％;好氧降解浸泡液主要通过生物作用抑藻.其抑藻效果随稻草好氧降解时间的延长而增强,如1.5 g/L投加量下,15和30 d好氧降解带生物相的稻草浸泡液对微囊藻的抑制率分别为81％和93％.     

基于能值方法的甘薯燃料乙醇产业生态系统分析

发展燃料乙醇已成为替代能源战略下的成熟模式,但传统燃料乙醇生产的污染问题严重影响了燃料乙醇的生存和发展,因此建立以燃料乙醇生产为核心企业,包括由原料种植者、乙醇生产者、分解者、资源回收利用者等一系列利益相关者组成的产业生态系统,已成为燃料乙醇可持续发展的有效途径. 根据燃料乙醇生产过程中对废物处理和资源化利用情况,将其划分成传统生产方案(方案Ⅰ)、废物处理生产方案(方案Ⅱ)和产业生态系统方案(方案Ⅲ),并采用改进后的能值分析方法及指标体系对3种生产方案进行比较分析. 结果表明:与方案Ⅰ相比,通过废物处理和中水回用,方案Ⅱ的ε_EYR(能值产出率)提高了59.37%,ε_ELR(环境负荷率)降低了75.39%;延长产业链,增加循环利用方式后,方案Ⅲ比方案Ⅰ的ε_EYR提高了86.19%,ε_ELR降低了82.98%. 3种生产方案的可持续发展能力为方案Ⅰ<方案Ⅱ<方案Ⅲ.      

Market interactions,farmers' choices,and the sustainability of growing advanced biofuels: a missing perspective?

Advanced biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol are of great interest in the USA. With agriculture being the major source of feedstock for advanced biofuels, how farmers would respond to markets and policy incentives in providing such feedstock can directly affect sufficient and sustainable supply of advanced biofuels and their environmental sustainability. In this study, we developed an economic model to examine farmers' production choices in a context where agricultural markets are linked to energy markets. We identified the economic conditions under which farmers could maximize their profits by converting current grain cropland to grow cellulosic biomass crops. An empirical illustration showed that with current technology, farmers are unlikely to grow switchgrass as a dedicated energy crop instead of corn on cropland. The biofuel incentives in the 2008 Farm Bill can improve the competitiveness of switchgrass, but may stimulate corn production as well, with corn residues as an alternative feedstock for advanced biofuels. The continuous, possibly expanding, corn production in future raises the same issues for advanced biofuels as for corn grain-based ethanol. To assure the environmental sustainability of advanced biofuel production, further research is needed to help design environmental policies alongside existing biofuel initiatives.     

Biofuels and agriculture: a past perspective and uncertain future

The US corn ethanol industry has grown from virtually nothing in the early 1980s to over 14 billion gallons in 2011. Subsidies have been an important impetus for the industry, and they have existed in one form or another throughout the life of the industry. This paper provides (1) a brief look at the history of the linkages between energy and agriculture and how they have changed with biofuels; (2) a review of some of the major impacts of the US corn ethanol program; and (3) analysis of prospective impacts of cellulosic biofuels. There is no doubt that biofuels have brought about a new era for global agriculture. Historically, the prices of agricultural and energy products moved in response to supply and demand factors relevant to each market, but moved largely independent of one another. Corn ethanol has changed that, and today there is a link between crude oil and corn that is driven by the demand side. Since agricultural commodity prices are linked both on the demand and supply sides, the corn–crude oil link spills over to other agricultural commodities as well. Development of cellulosic biofuels has been much slower than hoped. The feedstocks are more expensive than initially believed. Conversion technologies remain uncertain and expensive. There are many uncertainties through the cellulosic supply chain, and government policy remains uncertain as well. Thus, the future of the cellulosic biofuels industry is, at this point, an open question.     

鲜甘薯发酵生产燃料乙醇中的降粘工艺

鲜甘薯高浓度发酵生产燃料乙醇的瓶颈之一是醪液粘度高,容易堵塞管路,严重影响工业化生产和增加能源消耗,同时也会降低乙醇发酵效率.为解决此问题,进行了添加降粘酶系及其作用条件优化研究,结果如下:1)确定最适降粘酶系为四川禾本生物工程有限公司的纤维素酶,粘度由1.7×104mPa.s降到8.8×102mPa.s,并且降低了生产成本;2)确定降粘酶作用前高温处理条件:110℃,20 min;3)最适降粘酶对不同品种鲜甘薯高浓度发酵的降粘效果表明降粘酶对大部分品种鲜甘薯降粘效果较好,粘度均约为1.0×103mPa.s以下,最低粘度只有2.7×102mPa.s,粘度下降率均在95%以上;4)在确定最适降粘酶系和其作用前高温条件后,将其应用于工业化生产,加入降粘酶2 h后发酵醪液的粘度由1.8×105mPa.s下降到2.7×103mPa.s,发酵后终粘度仅为7.9×102mPa.s,发酵时间仅为23 h,乙醇浓度达到10.56%(V/V),进一步验证了该降粘酶系应用于工业化鲜甘薯燃料乙醇生产的实际意义.表8参19     

Experimental research on displacing coal bed methane with supercritical CO2

The high-gas and low-permeability are the common problems of China coal mine, which restrain the mining of coal-seam gas resources safely and efficiently. Hence, to solve the problem of low permeability of coal seam, an experimental system was set up and experimental research was conducted to investigate the effect of the displacement of methane by injecting supercritical CO₂ into coal samples. The experimental results indicated that, the extraction effect of supercritical CO₂ changes the coal’s porosity, and broadens the seepage channel for methane. Thus, the methane could be desorbed effectively from the coal matrix, and flow through more cracks at higher speed.