水力停留时间对复合式厌氧折流板反应器乙醇型发酵制氢系统的影响

水力停留时间(HRT)是厌氧生物制氢工艺的重要工程参数.以红糖废水为底物,研究了HRT对复合式厌氧折流板反应器(HABR)作为乙醇型发酵制氢系统产氢效能的影响.结果表明,在设定的8~36 h范围内的5个HRT中,当HRT为12 h时,HABR制氢系统的效果最佳,产氢速率为13.86 mmol·(h·L)-1,COD去除率为51.51%,五格室的pH值在4.22~4.47之间,液相主要产物为乙醇和乙酸,第1~5格室乙醇和乙酸的比值分别为1.90、1.94、1.80、1.77、1.91,最佳能量生产为11.11 kJ·(h·L)-1.     

河流沉积物中有机磷提取剂(NaOH-EDTA)提取比例与机制研究

选择海河流域高磷污染河流滏阳新河沉积物为研究对象,利用液相31P核磁共振(31P-NMR)技术优化了沉积物中有机磷提取剂NaOH和EDTA的配比,探讨了提取剂对总磷(TP)、有机磷(P o)及金属离子的提取机制.结果表明,不同配比的NaOH和EDTA提取液提取同一沉积物,所提取的TP和P o的量差异较大,但P o的提取量均高于NaOH单独提取,主要原因为EDTA与Fe、Al等离子的结合促进了无机磷(P i)和P o的释放;TP在1.00 mol·L-1NaOH+75 mmol·L-1EDTA配比的提取液中获得最大提取量,为3.88 mg·g-1,P o在0.25 mol·L-1NaOH+50 mmol·L-1EDTA配比的提取液中提取量最大,为0.24mg·g-1;相同浓度NaOH提取液中金属离子Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg、Al提取量随EDTA浓度增大呈升高趋势,主要是通过螯合作用、金属离子与OH-形成化合物实现.其中,Fe、Mn、Ca提取浓度与提取液pH呈显著负相关(P<0.01),说明其与OH-形成沉淀化合物;Al离子由于既可以与OH-生成可溶性的偏铝酸盐又可以被EDTA螯合形成可溶性络合物,因此其浓度随提取液pH升高呈指数增长趋势(P<0.01);NaOH与EDTA混合提取剂核磁共振图谱优于NaOH提取液,在本研究中均可以检测到膦酸盐、正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯、磷脂、DNA和焦磷酸盐.综合考虑:对北方河流富含Fe和Al的河流沉积物,0.25mol·L-1NaOH与50 mmol·L-1EDTA可以作为理想的沉积物有机磷提取剂.     

乙醇汽油对国六直喷汽油车排放特性的影响

选择5台国六直喷汽油车采用3种不同组分的E10乙醇汽油和1种不含含氧化合物的国VI汽油，按照国六排放标准开展了WLTC循环测试，研究乙醇和基础油组分对污染物排放的影响规律.结果表明，多数国六直喷汽油车的CO、THC和PM排放有所降低，NO_x排放无明显差异，PN排放微增，所有样车的CO、THC和PM平均排放降低为6%、7%和14%.E10乙醇汽油中的重质芳香烃含量增高时，PN排放明显增加，PN排放与PMI指数呈现较强的正相关关系.     

Seasonal variations of tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate and cytotoxicity of organic extracts in water samples from Wuhan, China

Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate(TCEP) is a typical phosphate flame retardant. Its potential adverse health effects have recently aroused concern. We investigated the seasonal variations of TCEP concentrations in the raw, finished and tap water samples from two drinking water treatment plants(DWTPs) in China, and evaluated the cytotoxicity and apoptosis/necrosis of organic extracts(OEs) in water samples. We enriched TCEP and OEs in water samples by solid-phase extraction method. The TCEP concentrations in water samples were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Normal human liver cell line L02 was treated with OEs in the water samples, and then the cytotoxicity and apoptosis/necrosis were measured by 3-(4, 5-dimethyithiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The results showed that cytotoxicities of OEs in raw water samples from both DWTPs in summer and winter were stronger than those in spring and autumn, cytotoxicity of OEs in finished and tap water samples from both DWTPs in summer and autumn were stronger than those in spring and winter. In all seasons, the maximal concentrations(100 mL water/mL cell culture) of OEs in the raw water samples from both DWTPs induced late apoptosis/necrosis. The reasons for seasonal variations of TCEP in water samples and potential toxic effects of other pollutants in the water samples need to be further investigated.     

Assessment of biomass residue availability and bioenergy yields in Ghana

Biomass is an important renewable energy source that holds large potential as feedstock for the production of different energy carriers in a context of sustainable development, peak oil and climate change. In developing countries, biomass already supplies the bulk of energy services and future use is expected to increase with more efficient applications, such as the production of biogas and liquid biofuels for cooking, transportation and the generation of power. The aim of this study is to establish the amount of Ghana's energy demand that can be satisfied by using the country's crop residues, animal manure, logging residues and municipal waste. The study finds that the technical potential of bioenergy from these sources is 96 PJ in 2700 Mm³ of biogas or 52 PJ in 2300 ML of cellulosic ethanol. The biogas potential is sufficient to replace more than a quarter of Ghana's present woodfuel use. If instead converted to cellulosic ethanol, the estimated potential is seven times the estimated 336 ML of biofuels needed to achieve the projected 10% biofuels blends at the national level in 2020. Utilizing the calculated potentials involves a large challenge in terms of infrastructure requirements, quantified to hundreds of thousands of small-scale plants.     

Challenge of global climate change: Prospects for a new energy paradigm

Perspectives on the challenge posed by potential future climate change are presented including a discussion of prospects for carbon capture followed either by sequestration or reuse including opportunities for alternatives to the use of oil in the transportation sector. The potential for wind energy as an alternative to fossil fuel energy as a source of electricity is outlined including the related opportunities for cost effective curtailment of future growth in emissions of CO₂.     

甲醇和乙醇对SBR单级好氧生物除磷的影响研究

分别以甲醇(SBR1#)和乙醇(SBR2#)作为碳源,研究了其对单级好氧生物除磷的影响.结果表明,稳定运行条件下,SBR1#磷的平均去除量为6.56mg/L,平均去除率为52.63%.SBR2#中磷的平均去除量为11.22mg/L,去除率为90.34%. SBR1#和SBR2#一个周期运行中好氧吸磷速率分别为1.62mg/(g×h)(以PO43--P计)和5.31mg/(g×h)(以PO43--P计),其中SBR2#出水磷的浓度低于检出限,SBR2#的储能物质总累积量比SBR1#多.相比之下,乙醇是作为除磷碳源效果较好.静置期,由于SBR2#中聚磷菌生物活性较SBR1#高,代谢旺盛,其释磷量高于SBR1#.     

固相萃取/气相色谱质谱法测定灰尘中的氯代多环芳烃

建立了固相萃取(SPE)/气相色谱质谱(GC/MS)联用检测灰尘中氯代多环芳烃(ClPAHs)的方法.以正己烷和二氯甲烷混合液为提取溶剂,索氏提取灰尘样品中的20种ClPAHs,活性硅胶层析柱与活性炭混合硅胶SPE柱协同净化.净化后的提取液采用GC/MS测定,SIM模式扫描,并用质谱特征离子定量分析.结果表明,填充量为0.2 g(W(活性炭)∶W(硅胶)=1∶40)的活性炭混合硅胶SPE小柱能有效地将ClPAHs分离出来,载样后采用反向溶剂洗脱,既提高了回收率又减少了洗脱剂甲苯的用量,净化效果好.处理灰尘样品后检测分析,20种ClPAHs的平均回收率稳定在60.4%—120.1%,相关系数>0.99,检出限为0.04—0.17 ng.g-1,相对标准偏差为1.6%—10.2%.本方法前处理简单,定性、定量准确可靠,可广泛应用于环境介质中氯代多环芳烃的检测.     

Alternative transportation fuel standards: Welfare effects and climate benefits

This paper develops an integrated model of the fuel and agricultural sectors to analyze the welfare and greenhouse gas emission (GHG) effects of the existing Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), a Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) and a carbon price policy. The conceptual framework shows that these policies differ in the incentives they create for the consumption and mix of different types of biofuels and in their effects on food and fuel prices and GHG emissions. We also simulate the welfare and GHG effects of these three policies which are normalized to achieve the same level of US GHG emissions. By promoting greater production of food-crop based biofuels, the RFS is found to lead to a larger reduction in fossil fuel use but also a larger increase in food prices and a smaller reduction in global GHG emissions compared to the LCFS and carbon tax. All three policies increase US social welfare compared to a no-biofuel baseline scenario due to improved terms-of-trade, even when environmental benefits are excluded; global social welfare increases with a carbon tax but decreases with the RFS and LCFS due to the efficiency costs imposed by these policies, even after including the benefits of mitigating GHG emissions.     

非寄主植物乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的驱避与触杀活性

为了评估非寄主植物次生物质对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫的驱避与触杀活性,本文用乙醇浸提了11种在华南地区分布广泛的植物获得其乙醇提取物。分析了这11种植物乙醇提取物对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫的驱避作用,采用药膜法测定了其对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫的触杀作用。结果表明,10 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下,花椒（Zanthoxylum bungeanum）和小茴香（Foeniculum vulgare）提取物对褐飞虱若虫有显著地拒避作用,24 h的拒避率分别为53.3%和43.3%;塞楝（Khaya senegalensis）、胜红蓟（Ageratum conyzoides）、桉树（Eucalyptus exsetrta）和毛麻楝（Chukrasia tabularis）提取物对褐飞虱若虫有显著地引诱作用,24 h着落率分别为75.0%、73.3%、73.3%和71.7%。花椒和小茴香提取物对褐飞虱若虫的拒避作用随着质量浓度的上升而增加,在10~40 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下均对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫有显著地拒避活性,40 mg·mL-1时拒避作用最明显,24 h拒避率分别为66.7%和60.0%。塞楝、胜红蓟、桉树和毛麻楝提取物对褐飞虱若虫的引诱作用均随着质量浓度的上升先增加后降低。塞楝和毛麻楝乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的拒避与引诱活性因其质量浓度的不同而有差异,当质量浓度小时（10 mg·mL1）对褐飞虱若虫有显著地引诱作用;当质量浓度大时（40 mg·mL1）对褐飞虱若虫有显著地拒避作用,24 h后,拒避率分别为50.0%和40.0%。胜红蓟乙醇提取物在5和10 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下对褐飞虱若虫具有显著地引诱作用,24 h后,着落率分别为71.7%和73.3%;桉树乙醇提取物在10和20 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下对褐飞虱若虫具有显著地引诱作用,24 h后,着落率分别为73.3%和71.7%。辣椒（Capsicum annuum）、小茴香、花椒、胜红蓟和鬼针草（Bidens pilosa）乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的触杀活性效果显著,在95.69μg·cm-2的剂量下,24 h校正死亡率达到85%以上,LD50值依次为15.46,25.66,33.61,33.57和37.85μg·cm-2。塞楝和蟛蜞菊（Wedelia chinensis）提取物对褐飞虱若虫也具有较好地触杀活性,在95.69μg·cm-2的剂量下,24 h校正死亡率达到50%以上。研究所选11种不同科属非寄主植物的乙醇提取物在一定质量浓度下,对褐飞虱均会产生不同程度的拒避作用。其中辣椒、小茴香、花椒、胜红蓟和鬼针草5种植物乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的触杀效果明显。辣椒、小茴香、花椒属于经济作物,本研究表明,这3种作物还具有开发为生物农药的价值。胜红蓟和鬼针草在华南地区分布广泛,易采集,植物资源丰富,具有开发成植物源杀虫剂的巨大潜力。