不同施肥模式下甘薯乙醇生命周期能效与环境影响分析

采用生命周期分析方法,以1 000 L甘薯乙醇为单位功能单元,将甘薯乙醇生产体系分成作物种植、原料运输和乙醇转换等3个单元,对其生命周期能耗与环境排放进行清单分析和影响评价,比较习惯施肥与测土配方施肥下甘薯乙醇生命周期9类环境影响潜力的差异。结果表明：两种施肥模式下甘薯乙醇生产体系的生命周期能源效率分别为1.41和1.43。习惯施肥模式下甘薯乙醇生命周期主要环境影响类型包括人体毒性、富营养化、酸化、淡水生态毒性、能耗和全球变暖,其环境影响潜力分别相当于2000年世界人均影响潜力的40%、40%、31%、29%、25%和20%。测土配方施肥降低了化学氮肥和磷肥使用量,提高了肥料利用效率和甘薯单产,使富营养化、淡水生态毒性、酸化和全球变暖潜力分别降低了31%、15%、9%和7%。可见,测土配方施肥模式可改善甘薯乙醇生命周期的能源效率并显著缓解其负面环境影响。     

车用乙醇汽油静电起电特性试验研究

为研究乙醇汽油使用过程中存在的静电风险及带电变化规律,基于自主研发的油品电荷密度表,试验研究了乙醇含量对管输汽油静电带电规律的影响,获得乙醇体积含量0~5%的管输油品静电数据;对油库内乙醇汽油装车作业及加油站加油作业乙醇汽油静电起电特性进行了试验研究。研究结果表明:随着乙醇含量的增加,油品静电呈现先增大后减小的趋势;乙醇体积含量在0.5%~1%时,油品静电起电量最高可达到-77.2 μC/m3,为此需注意乙醇汽油调配过程中可能存在的静电风险;高电导率的车用乙醇汽油在加油作业时,油品静电起电量较低。     

汽车使用乙醇汽油后排放污染物变化趋势

对汽车使用乙醇汽油后尾气中污染物的变化趋势进行了研究,结果表明使用乙醇汽油后,CO和碳氢化合物含量呈明显降低趋势,平均下降率为56.9%和38.2%;氮氧化物含量有所下降,平均下降率为15.0%;CO2含量有所升高,平均增长率为5.04%;苯系物含量明显降低,平均下降率在45.5%～53.1%;醛类的含量呈明显增加趋势,平均增长率在47.8%～293%;丙酮、丁酮的含量略有增加,增加幅度分别为、16.6%和25.3%。     

Evaluation of an SOS-Chromotest-based approach for the isolation and detection of sediment-associated genotoxins

A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate an approach advanced by the St. Lawrence Centre (SLC) of Environment Canada for assessing the genotoxic potential of sediments. The SLC method entails the extraction, isolation and solvent exchange of the organic constituents in sediment, and the testing of these solubilized extracts with the SOS Chromotest (Escherichia coli PQ37). A total of five sediments, three variously contaminated by organic compounds and two reference materials certified for persistent organic chemicals, were Soxhlet-extracted. Each of the five extracts was then split, with a portion remaining in crude form and another portion fractionated into two molecular-weight classes of organic contaminants, thus yielding a total of 15 extract samples. The ability of the SOS Chromotest to detect genotoxins in the various organic extracts was evaluated and compared with that of the Ames Fluctuation Assay (Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA100). The intra-laboratory variance associated with the SOS Chromotest was also assessed. Procedural details are presented and results are discussed. The SOS Chromotest results were in good agreement with those of the Ames Fluctuation Assay, especially after metabolic activation. However, the E. coli PQ37 system was slightly more sensitive than the Salmonella assay for detecting genotoxins in the sediment extracts. The SOS Chromotest was also the most discriminating of the two assays, generating SOS-induction factors that were consistent with the organic contamination gradient reported in the sediment samples. The removal of macromolecules from the dichloromethane extracts by size-exclusion chromatography prior to testing enhanced the sensitivity of both test systems. The intra-laboratory variance of the SOS Chromotest ranged from 0.24% to 23.82%, depending on the extract sample. As applied in this study, the SOS Chromotest can serve as a sensitive test for screening the genotoxic potential of uncharacterized sediment extracts. A more sensitive assay would be appropriate, however, as a confirmation for definitive investigations, especially for the detection of direct-acting genotoxins.     

Decomposition reactions of epoxy resin and polyetheretherketone resin in sub- and supercritical water

Epoxy resin and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) resin were decomposed into their monomers such as phenol, cresols, and their analogues by thermal treatment in sub- and supercritical water in a 10-ml tubing bomb reactor. The addition of basic compounds such as Na₂CO₃ was effective in promoting the decomposition reaction of the resins. In the reaction of epoxy resin, the yield of identified products reached 10% for the reaction at 703K over 1h. In the reaction of PEEK resin, the total yield of phenol and dibenzofuran reached 88% for the reaction at 703K over 3h. Chemical participation of water in the decomposition reaction was confirmed by the reaction of dinaphthylether.     

Toxicity screening of biodegradable polymers. I. Selection and evaluation of cell culture test methods

A screening test method for potential toxicity of biodegradable plastics on humans and the environment was selected and evaluated with samples of cellulose acetate, Bionolle, polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (Biopol), and polycaprolactone (Tone polymer). Among the standardin vitro tests using animal cell cultures for the evaluation of biomedical materials, the test by direct contact and the test with extract were examined. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of the cell viability and morphology indicate that the test with extracts can be easily performed, providing reproducible and comparable results for all materials. Using the cell culture test with the extract of sterile samples, an estimation of the toxicity of a new polymeric material can be obtained within a few weeks.     

微波辅助酸预处理玉米秸秆水解条件研究

玉米秸秆由叶子、皮和髓组成, 这些组分含有不同的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素, 因而可以成为生产燃料乙醇的原料. 采用微波辅助的酸水解来脱除与纤维素和木质素紧密结合的半纤维素, 使得纤维素结构发生变化有利于后续酶解是值得探讨的. 本研究通过将玉米秸秆叶子、皮和髓分离, 分别对它们进行了微波(2450MHz, 1000W)酸预处理, 确定了玉米秸秆不同部分的最优水解条件, 并对其进行了生产燃料乙醇的潜力对比, 以选出最适合做燃料酒精原料的部分. 同时, 在实验中, 选取硫酸浓度、温度、处理时间、料水质量体积比及搅拌速度5个因素分别进行单因素试验和正交试验. 结果表明, 5个因素对微波酸预处理玉米秸秆叶子的影响顺序依次为: 硫酸浓度>温度>料水质量体积比>时间>搅拌速度, 最佳条件是硫酸浓度5.0%, 温度75 ℃, 时间30min, 料水质量体积比1∶15, 搅拌速度800 r·min-1; 对玉米秸秆髓的影响顺序依次为: 硫酸浓度>搅拌速度>预处理时间>料水质量体积比>预处理温度, 最佳条件是硫酸浓度4.0%, 温度75 ℃, 时间25min, 料水质量体积比1∶20, 搅拌速度1000 r·min-1; 对玉米秸秆皮的影响顺序依次为: 硫酸浓度>预处理时间>料水质量体积比>预处理温度>搅拌速度, 最佳条件是硫酸浓度9.0%, 温度72 ℃, 时间30min, 料水质量体积比1∶17.1, 搅拌速度2000 r·min-1. 通过实验可以进一步得出, 玉米秸秆叶子和髓更适合用于生产燃料乙醇. 该研究结果对玉米秸秆的燃料化利用有一定的指导意义.     

高效液相色谱法测定地表水中微囊藻毒素-LR

应用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定地表水中微囊藻毒素-LR（MC—LR）。以乙醇／三氟乙酸混合水溶液为流动相（醇水比例为45：55（V/V）,水溶液含0．1％三氟乙酸）,MC—LR在ODS色谱柱上获得理想的分离效果;在样品前处理中,使用含0．1％三氟乙酸的乙醇溶液可以获得较好的MC—LR提取效率;通过优化前处理及仪器检测条件,有效去除样品基体干扰,检测结果令人满意。     

抑制城镇污水处理厂恶臭气体的产生和迁移

随着科学技术的发展和公众环保理念的日趋完善,污水处理厂处理的内涵和外延都在加深和扩展。近年来,由于住宅和商业区持续向现有污水处理厂位置逼近,相当数量运行中的城市污水处理厂因恶臭气体释放问题而受到公众的指责。本文以国内外研究理论为指导,将可持续发展和经济效益相结合,对污水处理厂设施见效快、成本低且满足公众环保要求的挖潜进行了分析研究。