Coal energy conversion with carbon sequestration via combustion in supercritical saline aquifer water

The standard idea for deep saline aquifer sequestration is to separate carbon dioxide from a process stream, compress it, and inject it underground. However, since carbon dioxide is less dense than water, even at the high pressures found in aquifers, it is buoyant and will move towards the surface unless trapped by an impermeable seal. Also, significant energy expenditure is required to separate and compress carbon dioxide, even though neat carbon dioxide is not a desired product. These issues may be addressed by combining the idea of fast dissolution at the surface with supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). By burning coal at high pressure in supercritical water drawn from an aquifer, and then sequestering the entire pre-equilibrated effluent, all carbon from the fuel is captured, as well as all non-mineral coal combustion products including sulfur and metals.A possible block diagram of an SCWO-based electric power plant is proposed, including processes to handle salts from the aquifer brine and minerals from coal. The plant is thermodynamically modeled, using an indirectly fired combined cycle to convert energy from hot combustion products to work. This model estimates the overall thermal efficiency that can be achieved, and reveals unanticipated interactions within the plant that have significant effects on efficiency. The assumptions and results of the model highlight design challenges for an actual system.     

Investigating differential binding of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in soil and soil components using selective supercritical fluid extraction

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with pure carbon dioxide was performed at increasingly strong conditions to investigate differential binding of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in two impacted soils, in their sieved size fractions, and in small (a few mg) samples of industry-related waste products separated from impacted soil. The binding strengths of PCDD/Fs were shown to be different in the two soils, and in their different soil particle size fractions. As might be expected based on surface area considerations, one soil showed the strongest binding in the smallest (<5 μm) sieved fraction. However, the other soil showed the strongest binding in the larger sized fractions, possibly indicating that process-related particles could be controlling PCDD/F binding. Selective SFE of various types of particles including black carbon and charcoal (separated from soil), and from a suspected process anode residue did show different PCDD/F binding behavior ranging from quite weak binding (charcoal) to very strong binding (anode particles). Shifts to the stronger SFE fractions in the soils after activated carbon treatment agreed well with the decreases previously found in the uptake of PCDD/Fs by earthworms, as well as decreases in their freely-dissolved aqueous concentrations in soil/water slurries. These results show that, as previously demonstrated for PAHs and PCBs, selective SFE can be a useful tool to investigate differences in PCDD/F binding behaviors in impacted soils and sediments and their component parts, as well as a rapid tool for estimating the effectiveness of activated carbon treatments on decreasing the bioavailability of PCDD/Fs in soils and sediments.     

Effects of various reaction parameters on solvolytical depolymerization of lignin in sub- and supercritical ethanol

Organosolv lignin was treated with ethanol at sub/supercritical temperatures (200, 275, and 350 °C) for conversion to low molecular phenols under different reaction times (20, 40, and 60 min), solvent-to-lignin ratios (50, 100, and 150 mL g⁻¹), and initial hydrogen gas pressures (2 and 3 MPa). Essential lignin-degraded products, oil (liquid), char (solid), and gas were obtained, and their yields were directly influenced by reaction conditions. In particular, concurrent reactions involving depolymerization and recondensation as well as further (secondary) decomposition were significantly accelerated with increasing temperature, leading to both lignin-derived phenols in the oil fraction and undesirable products (char and gas).     

活性炭纤维吸附模拟废气中的乙醇和乙醚

采用动态吸附法研究了5种活性炭纤维（ACF）对乙醇、乙醚及模拟混合废气中的乙醇和乙醚的吸附性能。实验结果表明：当ACF-1,ACF-2,ACF-3,ACF-4分别吸附乙醇和乙醚时,在室温、乙醇质量浓度12.0 mg/L、乙醚质量浓度13.0 mg/L的条件下,4种ACF对乙醇的穿透吸附量和饱和吸附量分别为60~70 mg/g和339~409 mg/g,对乙醚的穿透吸附量和饱和吸附量分别为50~65 mg/g和301~344 mg/g;在室温、模拟混合废气中乙醇和乙醚的质量浓度均为11.6 mg/L、吸附时间120 min的条件下,具有较大的比表面积和微孔体积的ACF-5对乙醇的吸附量为205 mg/g,对乙醚的吸附量为223 mg/g;在脱附真空度-0.95 Pa、脱附时间20 min的条件下,经17 次使用的ACF-5对模拟混合废气中乙醇和乙醚的穿透吸附量均为87 mg/g,穿透时间均为12 min。     

Influence of furfural concentration on growth and ethanol yield of Saccharomyces kluyveri

Furfural is an important inhibitor in ethanol fermentation process using lignocellulosic hydrolysates as raw materials.In order to find out the fuffural concentration range in which furfural inhibits the fermentation process,we used one strain Saccharomyces kluyveri selected from soil and cultured in several different furfural content media under low glucose concentration condition.Experiment results showed that microorganism growth was stimulated and dry cell weight decreased when furfural concentration in the medium was 0.25 mg/ml.Furfural had negative effect on cell growth when its concentration was above 1.00 mg/ml.At the same time,the strain growed better and had a higher glucose consumption rate in 5% original glucose concentration condition than in 3% original glucose concentration condition.The results showed that appropriate exaltation of original glucose concentration in stalk hydrolysates will increase the strain resistance to furfural.     

Co-Fe催化剂上乙醇制氢反应研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了负载型Co-Fe催化剂,提出并考察了二段重整制氢的可行性及制氢效果,在水醇比2．5、氧醇比0．5、液空速12h^-1、床层温度523℃、Co-Fe催化剂作用下的乙醇转化率为97．0％,H2选择性为2．80,H2产率为2．72。Cu催化剂作用下的CO的变换反应有效地降低了CO含量,提高了H2含量。     

膨胀颗粒污泥床处理玉米酒精糟液的生产性试验

通过高温膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)处理玉米酒精糟液的生产性试验研究,证明EGSB处理玉米酒精糟液能够取得很好的处理效果.反应器运行2个月即形成颗粒污泥,成功地实现了反应器的快速启动;启动后反应器运行稳定,COD负荷可达到29kg/(m³·d),去除率在90%以上.本研究不仅解决了废水处理的实际问题,而且带来了显著的经济效益和社会效益.     

玉米燃料乙醇生命周期净能量分析

玉米燃料乙醇作为化石燃料的替代品,能量效率(净能量或能量比)是评价其可持续性的一个重要标准.基于生命周期清单分析原理,建立了玉米燃料乙醇的净能量分析方法.以我国夏玉米燃料乙醇的生产条件为例,计算了玉米燃料乙醇整个生命周期的能量效率并对其影响因素进行了分析,讨论了乙醇汽油混合燃料的节能效果.研究表明:玉米燃料乙醇具有一定的能量效益,干法和湿法工艺的能量效率(能量比)分别为1.25和1.04.通过玉米燃料乙醇生命周期内的能量输入比较可知,玉米生产和乙醇转化过程的化石能输入占有最大的比例,因而玉米种植过程中的氮肥、电力、柴油消耗和乙醇生产过程中蒸馏和脱水过程的能耗是影响玉米燃料乙醇能量效益的主要因素.     

车用乙醇汽油和无铅汽油对电喷汽车排放性能的影响

分别对电喷车长时间燃用乙醇汽油、无铅汽油前后的喷油器流量进行了测试,并采用轻型汽车整车排放测试系统对燃用不同油时的主要污染排放物HC、CO和NO_x进行了分析.结果表明:与无铅汽油相比,乙醇汽油能有效降低发动机排放的CO和HC(均约10%)及经过三元催化转化器作用后HC、CO和NO_x的排放,燃用无铅汽油时整车在装有三元催化转化器下的排放达到或接近欧洲1号排放标准,换用乙醇汽油后,CO降低较明显,达30%左右,HC和NO_x分别降低约18%、10%,此时排放在欧洲1号排放标准之上或接近欧洲2号排放标准;乙醇汽油还具有优于无铅汽油的其它性能,如对喷油器有轻微的清净作用,发动机排放的CO和HC恶化趋势较慢,延长三元催化转化器的使用寿命.