Monitoring of Triazine and Phenylurea Herbicides in the Surface Waters of Greece

A large-scale study was implemented to monitor triazine and phenylurea herbicides in the main surface water bodies of continental Greece from October 1998 to September 1999. Samples from 10 rivers and 7 lakes were analyzed for the presence of five triazine (atrazine, cyanazine, prometryne, simazine, terbuthylazine) and five phenylurea (chlorotoluron, diuron, linuron, metobromuron, monolinuron) herbicides. The samples were extracted with C18 cartridges and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The most frequently detected herbicides were atrazine, followed by prometryne, cyanazine, and simazine. The concentrations of the compounds were generally low (< 0.78 μ g/L) and are not considered harmful for the freshwater ecosystem. Most of the positive samples were taken from the water bodies of northern Greece where agricultural activity is more intense.     

不同农作制对四川紫色丘陵区地表径流氮、磷流失的影响

以小麦(Triticum aestivum)-玉米(Zea mays)轮作制为基础,通过在仁寿县建立18个径流小区监测试验,对4种不同农作制与4种施肥水平下各小区径流水样中的氮、磷含量进行了分析.探讨了四川紫色丘陵区坡耕地氮、磷流失系数及其影响因素.结果表明,氮流失总量随施氮量而增加,在增量施肥+横坡种植方式下最大,为0.326 kg·hm~(-2);氮流失总量和流失系数在优化施肥+横坡种植+秸秆覆盖+植物篱方式下最小,其流失总量为0.270kg·hm~(-2),流失系数为0.009%0磷流失总量和流失系数在不同处理方式下总体上虽较为接近,但增量施肥+横坡种植方式下磷的流失总量最大,为0.020kg·hm~(-2);而优化施肥+横坡种植+秸秆覆盖+植物篱最小,为0.015kg·hm~(-2).研究表明,优化施肥、横坡种植、秸秆覆盖和植物篱拦蓄地表径流作用明显,是遏制耕地氮、磷流失的有效途径.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in water and suspended particulate matter from the Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan, China

The residues of 13 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface water and HCHs and DDTs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) from rivers and lakes in Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan, China, were investigated. The concentration of total OCPs in surface water varied from 1.01 to 46.49 ng l⁻¹ (mean 10.55 ng l⁻¹). The levels of total HCHs (ΣHCH) and total DDTs (ΣDDT) in surface water were in the range of 0.55–28.07 ng l⁻¹ and lower than detection limit to 16.71 ng l⁻¹, respectively, which was lower than Chinese standards on the whole. For OCPs residues in SPM, the mean levels varying from 0.20 to 34.72 ng l⁻¹ and 0.46 to 2.72 ng l⁻¹ for ΣHCH and ΣDDT, respectively, which ranked the relatively higher levels among Chinese studied rivers. Results from this investigation showed that previous excessive usage of technical OCPs was the main reason for the residues of HCHs and DDTs both in surface water and SPM, although some new sources were likely to occurred in the region. Apart from the OCPs in SPM originated from upstream in flood season, one of the important sources of OCP residues both in water and SPM in Yangtze River was supposed to be the inputs of its tributaries. Additionally, in situ water-SPM phase distributions of OCPs indicated that HCHs tended totransport with water as well as DDTs was prone to combine with SPM in Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan.     

水中重金属锑在线自动监测技术在湘江上游典型区域水环境预警中的应用

锑（Sb）是湘江上游部分区域的特征重金属污染因子,为精准助力Sb污染预警与防控,基于2-（5-溴-2-吡啶偶氮）-5-二乙氨基酚（5-Br-PADAP）分光光度法,采用优化的在线自动监测仪自动测定地表水中的Sb。测定结果表明,测试范围为0～0.10 mg/L,检出限≤1 μg/L,相对误差≤±10%,相对标准偏差≤5%,实际水样加标回收率范围为88.2% ～104%。该方法适用于地表水中Sb的自动在线监测,可为环境管理部门对水中Sb等重金属的污染预警、溯源、防控等环境决策提供准确依据。     

西藏生活垃圾填埋场周边地表水环境质量调查评价

采用标准指数法、综合评价法和灰色关联分析法对西藏地区4个典型垃圾填埋场周边地表水环境质量进行分析和评价。结果表明：各填埋场各评价因子均满足《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838—2002）Ⅲ类标准;各填埋场临近地表水环境综合水质均呈现上游监测点优于下游监测点;综合水质现状为尚清洁—清洁;灰色关联分析法评价结果为工布江达县生活垃圾填埋场下游监测点水质为Ⅱ类,其他填埋场各监测点水质均为Ⅰ类。各填埋场临近地表水水质现状满足其水域功能区要求,受填埋场污染环境影响较小。     

不同水质评价方法在南水北调东线断面的研究与应用

以2019年南水北调东线工程12个水质监测断面为研究对象,选取溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷、重金属（铜、锌、铅、镉）、粪大肠菌群等9个参评指标的监测结果,采用单因子评价法、内梅罗指数法、综合水质标识指数法和模糊综合矩阵评价法4种水质评价方法对12个断面水质情况进行评价分析。结果表明,12个断面的水质情况较好,老山乡断面（湖库）采用单因子评价法的水质评价结果为Ⅴ类,主要超标因子为总磷,其他断面水质采用4种方法的评价结果均为Ⅲ类或Ⅱ类。相对其他3种方法而言,单因子评价法计算简单,考核标准严格,得出的水质类别整体最差。在具体应用实践中,应根据评价目的和断面功能,采用较为合适的评价方法,为南水北调水环境管理提供更加客观的依据。     

日本地表水环境质量标准体系构成分析

简要论述了目前日本地表水质量标准体系的构成,主要包括地表水环境质量标准体系的内涵和作用,以及监测调查方法和评价技术方法.     

溴化衍生-三重四极杆气质联用法测定地表水中丙烯酰胺

采用溴化衍生-液液萃取法处理地表水,用三重四极杆气相色谱质谱联用仪测定样品中α,β-二溴丙烯酰胺,再换算成丙烯酰胺的质量浓度,该方法在20.0μg/L~500μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数r为0.998,方法检出限为0.08μg/L。实际水样2个质量浓度水平的平均加标回收率分别为87.5%和92.2%,7次测定结果的RSD分别为9.1%和6.1%。用该方法测定黄河兰州段的黄河水和实验室自来水,结果均未检出。     

全自动甲基汞分析仪测定水和废水中甲基汞

建立了全自动甲基汞分析仪测定水和废水中甲基汞的方法,对较清洁的地表水和一般废水样品可直接衍生化测定,对基体复杂水样则需蒸馏后再衍生化测定。该法在水样中甲基汞含量为0~1 000 pg范围内线性良好,相关系数r为0.999 7,检出限为0.002 ng/L,标准参考物质测定结果均在参考值范围内,相对标准偏差为1.1%,加标回收率为83.2%~96.6%。该法适用于水及废水中甲基汞的检测。