Modeling of the influence of sample preparation sequences when measuring selectively induced residual stress depth profiles

The selective introduction of compressive residual stresses is gaining increasing importance as design tool in today's manufacturing process chains. Manufacturing processes such as shot peening or hydraulic autofrettage are used to improve the surface integrity, and hence the fatigue life of the components. However, measuring the corresponding residual stress depth profiles is a challenging task as the results will always include the manufacturing and preparation history of the components. In this paper, results of residual stress measurements with X-ray diffraction and optical hole-drilling after autofrettage and sample preparation are presented and compared to a finite element analysis for two representative geometries. The presented approach can be used to predict the influence of the mandatory sample preparation procedure. As a consequence, the effectiveness of the manufacturing process to improve the surface integrity can be predicted more precisely and wrong interpretations of the measured residual stress depth profiles can be avoided.     

Catalytic decomposition performance for O3 and NO2 in humid indoor air on a MnOx/Al2O3 catalyst modified by a cost-effective chemical grafting method

Processes based on non-thermal plasma (NTP) for indoor air treatment inevitably lead to the formation of toxic by-products such as ozone (O₃) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x). Adding a step of heterogeneous catalysis in series with NTP could allow for the decomposition of the by-products. Therefore, different catalysts were developed based on transition metal oxides, such as NiO_x, CoO_x and MnO_x with different weight percentage 1, 5 and 10 wt.%, deposited on a γ-Al₂O₃ support. The O₃ removal efficiency (ORE) and the NO_x removal efficiency (NRE) were very encouraging in dry air: about 65% and 80%, respectively, by using 2 g 5 wt.% MnO_x/Al₂O₃ catalyst under the experimental conditions. However, strongly negative effects of relative humidity (RH) on the catalytic decomposition performance were observed. To overcome this limitation, the catalyst surface was modified to make it hydrophobic using a cost-effective chemical grafting method. This treatment consisted in impregnating the 5 wt.% MnO_x/Al₂O₃ catalyst with different trichloro(alkyl)silanes (TCAS). The effects of different linker lengths and amounts of TCAS for the hydrophobicity and the decomposition performance of surface-modified catalysts under humid conditions were investigated. Our results show that the surface-modified catalyst with the shortest linker and 0.25 mmol/g_cat of modifying agent represents the best catalytic decomposition performance for O₃. Its ORE is 41% at 60% RH, which is twice that of the non-modified catalyst.     

氢化物发生—原子荧光光谱法测定地表水中的痕量锡

利用AFS-9330双道原子荧光光度计测定水中的锡,以1.0%的盐酸作为载流液、1.0%的硼氢化钾为还原剂,荧光强度与其质量浓度在0⁴0μg/L范围内,线性良好,相关系数为0.9992,方法检出限为0.06μg/L,相对标准偏差在1.79%40μg/L范围内,线性良好,相关系数为0.9992,方法检出限为0.06μg/L,相对标准偏差在1.79%².83%之间,加标回收率为91.0%2.83%之间,加标回收率为91.0%¹03%。     

膜压法在自然水体研究中的应用

膜压法在自然水体中的应用较为广泛。文章综述了膜压及膜面积可作为自然水体中有机物含量的表征，也可作为水体受污染程度大小的一种判据。在研究表面膜的表面物理性质与化学组分之间联系的过程中，发现表面膜中有能够主宰表面膜性质的标准物质存在。由于这些标准物质主导了表面膜的表面物理性质，因此。寻找这些标准物质，并将它们的表面物理性质特征化，这也是今后工作中研究的方向。     

微生物固定化技术对地表水油类污染物的修复

地表水中油污染日益严重,由于油污染地表水的特殊性,常规修复技术难以发挥高效作用。微生物固定化技术是一门新兴生物技术,与传统的微生物修复技术相比具有生物密度高、耐毒性等优点。鉴于微生物固定化技术的特点及在废水处理中的应用,对当前地表水油污染具有大面积、低浓度的特点,微生物固定化技术修复具有特殊技术优势和广阔的应用前景。     

江苏盐城原生湿地表层沉积物中的重金属污染评价

通过对江苏盐城盐沼湿地表层沉积物中的Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni等8种重金属元素的分析得出,所测样品指标的平均值除Hg、As和Zn与背景值较接近外,其余重金属元素在沉积物中的含量都高于背景值,Cu的含量为背景值的6倍,属超Ⅱ类沉积物。其次是Cd,以偏中污染为主。运用地累积指数法对8种重金属的污染评价结果为CuCdCrNiPbAsZnHg,且以Cu的污染最为严重。同时,结合粒度分析可知,沉积物在空间分布上的累积强度与粒径大小密切相关,粒径越大,污染程度越小。有植被覆盖的潮滩对重金属的吸附能力明显要高于无植被覆盖的光滩。与近年来的背景值相比,重金属在沉积物中的增加可能与核心区外围经济活动有关。     

地表水样品中10种卤代烃测定方法的优化

对地表水样品中10种卤代烃测定方法进行优化,找出空白偏高的原因。方法优化后的加标回收率为90.1%~104%,相对标准偏差为1.1%~6.9%,检出限为0.000 3μg/L~2.0μg/L,可满足地表水环境质量分析要求。     

New parameterization scheme for effective indices for emissions from road transport

The local to regional processes of chemical transformations, washout and dry deposition cannot be directly resolved in global scale models, they rather need to be parameterized. A suitable way to account for the non-linearity, e.g., in chemical transformation processes, is the use of effective emission indices (EEIs). EEI translate the actual (small scale) emissions into input for global scale models, partially accounting for unresolved processes occurring shortly after the release of the emissions.The emissions from the road traffic have some specifics, because of which the concept of deriving EEI from the interaction of an instantaneous plume with the ambient air is perhaps not so convenient. A new parameterization scheme for the EEI from the road transport is suggested in the present paper, based on few simplifying assumptions and introducing the adjoin equations approach, which makes it possible to achieve unified, not depending on the specific emission pattern, procedure for calculating the EEI from road traffic.     

Destructing surfactant network in nanoemulsions by positively charged magnetic nanorods to enhance oil-water separation

The separation of ultrafine oil droplets from wasted nanoemulsions stabilized with high concentration of surfactants is precondition for oil reuse and the safe discharge of effluent. However, the double barriers of the interfacial film and network structures formed by surfactants in nanoemulsions significantly impede the oil-water separation. To destroy these surfactant protective layers, we proposed a newly-developed polyethyleneimine micelle template approach to achieve simultaneous surface charge manipulation and morphology transformation of magnetic nanospheres to magnetic nanorods. The results revealed that positively charged magnetic nanospheres exhibited limited separation performance of nanoemulsions, with a maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 50%, whereas magnetic nanorods achieved more than 95% COD removal in less than 30 s. The magnetic nanorods were also applicable to wasted nanoemulsions from different sources and exhibited excellent resistance to wide pH changes. Owing to their unique one-dimensional structure, the interfacial dispersion of magnetic nanorods was significantly promoted, leading to the efficient capture of surfactants and widespread destruction of both the interfacial film and network structure, which facilitated droplet merging into the oil phase. The easy-to-prepare and easy-to-tune strategy in this study paves a feasible avenue to simultaneously tailor surface charge and morphology of magnetic nanoparticles, and reveals the huge potential of morphology manipulation for producing high-performance nanomaterials to be applied in complex interfacial interaction process. We believe that the newly-developed magnetic-nanorods significantly contribute to hazardous oily waste remediation and advances technology evolution toward problematic oil-pollution control.     

Environmental fate of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in surface waters and soil of agricultural basins

Argentinian agricultural production is fundamentally based on a technological package that combines no-till and glyphosate in the cultivation of transgenic crops. Transgenic crops (soybean, maize and cotton) occupy 23 million hectares. This means that glyphosate is the most employed herbicide in the country, where 180–200 million liters are applied every year.