中国地表水环境质量标准修订研究

提出了对ＧＢ３８３８－８８地面水环境质量标准的修订原则和目标。制定了ＧＢ３８３－９８地表水环境质量标准的总体框架。新标准有基本项目３１项,特定项目４５项,对４２面有机化学物质指标３项防止富养化指标和２项常规污染控制指标作了较详细地论述,对项目的分析方法亦作了增订和补充。     

顶空气相色谱法测定地表水中吡啶

采用顶空进样、毛细管柱HP -INNOWAX分离、GC -FID测定地表水中吡啶。水样顶空时通过加碳酸钠盐大幅度降低了检出限 ,最低检出浓度达到 0 0 2mg/L。本法加标回收率为 96 5 %～ 10 1% ,变异系数为 7 8%～ 9 8%。     

Evaluation of activated sludge properties’ changes in industrial-wastewater pre-treatment: role of residual aluminum hydrolyzed species with different polymerization degree

● Medium poly Al salts dominated the PAC residual salts with a rational dosage. ● Settlement flocculation effect under medium poly Al salts showed a better trend. ● Complex of medium poly Al salts and enzymes promoted cell activity. ● Medium poly Al salts were beneficial to the effluent indexes. With the widespread introduction of pre-coagulation prior to the biological unit in various industrial wastewater treatments, it is noteworthy that long-term accumulation of residual coagulants has certains effect on both micro and macro characteristics of activated sludge (AS). In this study, the morphology distributions of residual aluminum salts (RAS) and their effects on the removal efficiency of AS were investigated under different PAC concentrations. The results showed that the dominance of medium polymeric RAS, formed under an appropriate PAC dose of 20 mg/L enhanced the hydrophobicity, flocculation, and sedimentation performances of AS, as well as the enzymatic activity in cells in the sludge system, improving the main pollutants removal efficiency of the treatment system. Comparatively the species composition with monomer and dimer / high polymer RAS as the overwhelming parts under an over-dosed PAC concentration of 55 mg/L resulted in excessive secretion of EPS with loose flocs structure and conspicuous inhibition of cellular activity, leading to the deterioration of physico-chemical and biological properties of AS. Based on these findings, this study can shed light on the role of the RAS hydrolyzed species distributions, closely relevant to Al dosage, in affecting the comprehensive properties of AS and provide a theoretical reference for coagulants dosage precise control in the pretreatment of industrial wastewater.     

居住小区道路雨水径流消减潜力分析

居住小区建设的不断发展在缓解城市居住问题的同时,也给城市环境带来了一系列的负面效应,而减轻这些负效应的关键就在于尽可能的减少小区的不透水地表面积以使地表径流量得到消减。道路作为居住区地表的重要组成部分,在解决上述问题中应当重点考虑。本文以南京市桌新建居住区为例,从减少道路面积和改变地面铺装方式两个角度来寻找减少小区内部不透水铺装面积的方法,并估算了由此所能消减的地表径流量。根据实例分析可知,通过这两种方法可以切实有效的减少小区不透水面积进而减少雨水的径流量。     

表面处理清洁生产线的研发

介绍了中国电器科学研究院近期研制开发的电镀、氧化等金属表面处理新型生产线。对生产线各相关系统进行研究,通过改进与创新,达到清洁、节能、智能化等目的。     

湿法消解-原子荧光光谱法同时测定地表水中的砷和汞

为提高检测效率、降低检测成本、提高检测的准确性,采用硝酸消解水样,断续流动进样,在KBH_4-酸体系中、最佳的仪器试验条件下,用原子荧光光谱法同时测定地表水中的砷和汞。实验结果表明:砷、汞检出限分别为0.109、0.0026μg/L,线性范围分别为0～40μg/L和0～2μg/L,精密度都是1.4%,加标回收率分别为93.5%～107%和96.0%～104%。表明该检测方法检出限低、干扰性小、精密度高、测定结果稳定,能够满足地表水中砷和汞同时测定要求。     

地表水特定项目优化检测技术研究

对地表水中特定项目指标的检测技术进行了优化研究,根据检测目标化合物的结构性质和色谱分析手段的兼容性,对前处理方法和分析手段进行了优化整合,提出了特定项目的解决方案,提高了工作效率,对切实保障饮用水源安全有实际意义.     

2016—2021年四川省地表水体中铀的放射性水平及健康风险评价

为调查四川省地表水体中放射性物质铀（U）的含量,评价居民摄入地表水体中U导致的健康风险,在四川省主要地表水系中共设置23个监测断面,于2016—2021年检测了U的放射性水平,并根据健康风险评价模型对居民的健康风险进行评估。结果表明：四川省地表水体中U的质量浓度为0.16～3.6 μg/L,参照《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749—2022）,均合格;不同年份、不同地表水体中U的放射性水平间的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;不同水期U的放射性水平间的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。各年龄组通过饮水、水体浸没途径摄入U所致总年均待积有效剂量均＜0.1mSv;对各年龄段居民的总致癌风险为4.18×10^-9 ～2.24×10^-8 ,均低于世界卫生组织（WHO）和国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）发布的最严格控制限值。全省主要地表水体中U对各年龄组都是安全的。     

Slope,aspect and climate: Spatially explicit and implicit models of topographic microclimate in chalk grassland

The slope and aspect of a vegetated surface strongly affects the amount of solar radiation intercepted by that surface. Solar radiation is the dominant component of the surface energy balance and influences ecologically critical factors of microclimate, including near-surface temperatures, evaporative demand and soil moisture content. It also determines the exposure of vegetation to photosynthetically active and ultra-violet wavelengths. Spatial variation in slope and aspect is therefore a key determinant of vegetation pattern, species distribution and ecosystem processes in many environments. Slope and aspect angle may vary considerably over distances of a few metres, and fine-scale species’ distribution patterns frequently follow these topographic patterns. The availability of suitable microclimate at such scales may be critical for the response of species distributions to climatic change at much larger spatial scales. However, quantifying the relevant microclimatic gradients is not straightforward, as the potential variation in solar radiation flux under clear-sky conditions is modified by local and regional variations in cloud cover, and interacts with long-wave radiation exchange, local meteorology and surface characteristics.     

全球地表水中全氟和多氟烷基化合物污染特征演替

综述了全氟和多氟烷基化合物（PFASs）在国内外地表水环境中的空间分布及污染特征,总结归纳了PFASs的来源和特征变化趋势。针对地表水中PFASs的监测种类、监测技术及风险评估等方面存在的问题,提出未来需加强日常监测,重点加强对水环境中新型PFASs的关注;针对流域中不同种类PFASs建立高特异性、高灵敏度监测新技术;筛选适合的水生生物作为环境污染指示物以应用于新污染物的评估等建议。为今后我国地表水环境 PFASs污染的现状调查及治理工作提供确实可行的科学参考。