厚源法测量水中总α放射性

采用厚源法测定地表水、废水中总α放射性,并通过6家实验室间比对验证厚源法的重复性、再现性和准确性。结果表明:方法探测下限不高于0.043 Bq/L。对总α放射性水平为0.046 Bq/L的地表水和25.6 Bq/L的废水样品重复性限为0.021 Bq/L和5.29 Bq/L,再现性限为0.022 Bq/L和8.69 Bq/L,加标回收率最终值为(104±17.6)%和(103±11.6)%。     

地表水中石油类红外法与紫外法测定结果的比对

进行了红外光度法与紫外分光光度法测定混合油样、闽江干流水样和内河水样中石油类的比对试验 ,试验表明 ,两法所测结果相差较大 ,以红外法所得结果较符合水体实际情况 ,提出了红外光度法测定时的注意事项     

利用GIS实现江苏省地表水省控断面管理

江苏省环境监测中心开发的环境数据可视化地理信息系统是根据断面管理功能,在建立符合管理需求的各类断面图层基础上．采用通用软件开发平台和专业的GIS工具软件相集而成。该系统具有水环境信息的空间查询、表达、统计和绘图等功能．可使环境管理综合决策部门直观、有效地进行水环境质量管理。     

长江中游城市群城市职能结构演变及其动力因子研究

以长江中游城市群为研究对象,提取出28个地级以上城市19个行业2000年和2013年的从业人员数据,归并为11种城市职能类型,运用区位商和纳尔逊等城市职能分析方法,从城市职能的专业化部门、职能规模和职能强度3个要素分析了长江中游城市群城市职能结构演变特征。结果显示,建筑业、行政、社会服务、金融业和商业为其基本职能部门,决定了区域整体职能结构与经济发展特征,特别是城市群内建筑业快速发展,生产性服务业部门发展缓慢。职能规模变化与全国同步,基本职能的专业化部门和职能强度总体增加。研究发现,自2000年以来,快速城市化、区域经济发展水平和国家政策是影响上述城市职能演变的主要动力因子。     

Building capacity through action research: reflections on working with low-carbon communities in the UK

This paper describes a four-year programme of “action research” (AR) undertaken with six communities in the UK, referred to as the Evaluating Low-Carbon Communities (EVALOC) project. The research combined a programme of research events with phased household-level monitoring of energy and carbon-reduction interventions. The carbon-reduction interventions were funded by the UK’s Department of Energy and Climate Change prior to the onset of the research. AR has recently been adopted within the context of environmental behaviour change programmes in the UK, with a number of methodological challenges. The EVALOC project’s challenges included developing a collaborative research design; building reciprocity between the researchers and research participants; dealing with biases and burdens in the research process; ensuring analytical rigour in the interpretation of the primarily qualitative evidence and dealing with the long-term and process-driven outcomes that arise from such interactions. This paper explores and discusses the challenges of AR in relation to selected research outcomes from EVALOC. We conclude by suggesting that the AR approach has helped to build capacity in the participating low-carbon communities (LCCs), through supporting the design, delivery and evaluation of their energy and carbon-reduction activities.     

密度泛函理论方法研究铝-麦芽酚配合物的形态结构与水交换反应

在B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)基组水平下采用密度泛函理论方法系统开展了以下工作:(1)优化得到1∶1、1∶2和1∶3铝-麦芽酚配合物10种可能构型的静态结构、NPA电荷以及能量参数,计算得到Al(ma)3配合物4种异构体的核磁共振、紫外和红外等光谱学数据并与文献实验值比较,证明本文采用的计算方法和模型适用于铝-麦芽酚体系的研究;(2)模拟1∶1和1∶2铝-麦芽酚配合物9种可能位点的水交换反应,其中3个位点计算得到的水交换反应速率对数log kex(s-1)分别为2.4(Al(ma)(H2O)2+4(cis to ma))、2.6(cis-Al(ma)2(H2O)+2(I))和3.0(trans-Al(ma)2(H2O)+2(I)),与实验值2.5(Al(ma)2+)和3.3(Al(ma)+2)相符,说明相应位点为反应活性位点;(3)探讨铝-麦芽酚配合物毒性与其形态结构之间的相关机制。     

Local economic situation,local environmental mobilization and local government environmental policy in Hungary

Studies of advanced capitalist societies have shown that relatively wealthy localities with organized environmental groups are able to avoid unattractive facilities. The aim of this article is to ask whether the same logic applies in Hungary, a middle-income ‘transition’ society. The focus is not on the formal legal powers of local governments but on some of the influences on local government environmental policy. Drawing on a survey of mayors, notaries and environmental officials in 600 local government units in Hungary (from Budapest to villages), it explores the relation between environmental group mobilization, environmental group influence and environmental policy. It is shown that there are systematic differences in environmental group mobilization between settlements of different types, and that these differences, together with differences in local economic situation, explain the differing levels of perceived influence of environmental groups on policy. The localities where perceived environmental group influence is greatest are identified and shown to be places where there are higher education institutions and a tradition of ‘civic culture’, or where the local government is using the environment as an asset as part of an economic development strategy. It is concluded that similar processes to those found in advanced capitalist societies exist in Hungary. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Detection limits can influence the interpretation of pesticide monitoring data in Canadian surface waters

Water quality monitoring programs rely on residue data that are frequently left censored, due to some observations occurring below the Method Detection Limit (MDL). Our objective was to determine the influence the MDL has on the interpretation of pesticide residues in surface waters. Water samples from tributaries in southern and central Ontario were collected by Environment Canada from 2003 to 2008 and were analyzed for 27 pesticides, with MDLs that averaged 7.02 ng⁻¹ L (range 0.39-25.1 ng⁻¹ L). We then simulated MDLs ranging from 25 to 1700 ng⁻¹ L, to determine the impact this would have on the reporting of pesticide concentrations and detections. The mean number of pesticides detected simultaneously declined with increasing, i.e. less sensitive MDLs, from 5.02 pesticides (native MDL) to 0.08 pesticides detected (MDL < 1700 ng⁻¹ L). We compared the proportion of sites where pesticides were detected in surface waters under five MDL scenarios for 13 selected pesticides. The proportions decreased sharply with increasing MDLs. We calculated detection probabilities in an effort to compensate for higher MDLs using maximum likelihood; while adjusting for detection probabilities generally improved estimates of the presence of pesticides, as the MDLs increased the ability to compensate for detection probabilities deteriorated and became unviable at high MDLs. Depending on the method of substitution for observations below MDL (replacement with ½ × or 0 × MDL), the mean and median pesticide residues became increasingly over- and underestimated, respectively, at higher MDLs. Although monitoring programs that are focused on exceedences of water quality guidelines may not require low MDLs, the achievable goals of monitoring programs oriented towards other ecological and toxicological objectives may be limited by higher MDLs.     

Predicting EDC concentrations in a river mixing zone

The fate and transport of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in ambient river waters is a major concern associated with effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This paper presents a methodology for quantifying the spatial distribution of EDCs in a river mixing zone. The core of the technical analysis is based on a two-dimensional steady-state analytical model characterized by ambient turbulence in the receiving water. This model was first calibrated with mass transport data from field measurements for a conservative substance (electrical conductivity) and then used to predict aqueous-phase EDC concentrations throughout a WWTP mixing zone. To demonstrate the usefulness of this methodology for water quality management purposes, the modeling framework presented in this paper was used to determine a lumped in-stream attenuation rate constant (k_d = 3 d⁻¹) for 17β-estradiol under natural conditions. This rate constant likely accounts for the combined contributions of physical sorption, photolysis, microbial and chemical degradation, and the measured value is highly consistent with previously published results from bench-scale removal experiments.     

主体功能区划下经济—人口协调障碍及对策研究

通过对影响我国经济—人口协调的主要因素进行分析,找出在人口系统福利与经济系统福利方面的冲突环节和发展障碍,从市场体制、人口管理体制、财税体制、领导干部政绩评价制度等方面寻找成因,提出切实可行的对策建议,为我国主体功能区经济—人口协调发展提供参考。