抚顺盆地西露天组油页岩微生物碳代谢多样性分析

为探讨油页岩微生物的碳代谢功能多样性,以抚顺盆地西露天组油页岩为研究对象,利用Biolog-GN2和GP2微孔板检测法,在连续7d的培养期内,测定油页岩本源微生物群落水平生理图谱(CLPP),并根据化学基团的不同,分析微生物对不同类型碳源的代谢能力和代谢差异.结果显示,微生物对不同类型碳源的代谢程度和代谢速率存在明显的差异.革兰氏阴性和阳性细菌群落均对氨基类碳源的利用较好,其次是羧酸类以及糖和糖衍生物,而对磷酸糖利用较差.连续多点测算Shannon-Wiener,Simpson和McIntosh多样性指数,分析表明微生物群落碳代谢功能多样性总体较高,但是随着培养时间的增加,多样性略有降低.     

广西红水河大型底栖动物群落结构时空分布特征

为了解广西红水河流域大型底栖动物群落结构状况,于2013年春季(4月)、夏季(7月)、秋季(11月)对红水河流域13个采样点进行了调查. 采集并鉴定出大型底栖动物179个分类单元,隶属7纲20目66科. 其中水生昆虫种类数所占比例最高(79.3%),软体动物次之(15.1%). 各季节大型底栖动物个体数表现为夏季>春季>秋季. 依据大型底栖动物群落组成相似性,利用聚类分析将13个采样点分为2组. 组1采样点主要分布于岩滩水库和红水河干流,组2采样点主要分布于各个支流,2组采样点在无度量多维标定排序轴上分布差异明显. 指示种分析结果显示,组1指示种为马速达多足摇蚊(Polypedilum masudai),组2指示种以宜兴似动蜉(Cinygmina yixingensis)敏感物种为主. 功能摄食类群研究结果表明,红水河大型底栖动物以刮食者占绝对优势,其个体数占总个体数的比例为36.45%,撕食者(6.15%)和杂食者(3.25%)所占比例较小. 单因素方差分析结果显示,其他类(包括软甲纲、蛭纲以及蜱螨亚纲)和捕食者相对丰度存在季节性差异(P<0.05). T检验结果表明,收集者、捕食者和杂食者存在组间差异(P<0.05).      

Effects of Growth Form and Functional Traits on Response of Woody Plants to Clearing and Fragmentation of Subtropical Rainforest

The conservation implications of large‐scale rainforest clearing and fragmentation on the persistence of functional and taxonomic diversity remain poorly understood. If traits represent adaptive strategies of plant species to particular circumstances, the expectation is that the effect of forest clearing and fragmentation will be affected by species functional traits, particularly those related to dispersal. We used species occurrence data for woody plants in 46 rainforest patches across 75,000 ha largely cleared of forest by the early 1900s to determine the combined effects of area reduction, fragmentation, and patch size on the taxonomic structure and functional diversity of subtropical rainforest. We compiled species trait values for leaf area, seed dry mass, wood density, and maximum height and calculated species niche breadths. Taxonomic structure, trait values (means, ranges), and the functional diversity of assemblages of climbing and free‐standing plants in remnant patches were quantified. Larger rainforest patches had higher species richness. Species in smaller patches were taxonomically less related than species in larger patches. Free‐standing plants had a high percentage of frugivore dispersed seeds; climbers had a high proportion of small wind‐dispersed seeds. Connections between the patchy spatial distribution of free‐standing species, larger seed sizes, and dispersal syndrome were weak. Assemblages of free‐standing plants in patches showed more taxonomic and spatial structuring than climbing plants. Smaller isolated patches retained relatively high functional diversity and similar taxonomic structure to larger tracts of forest despite lower species richness. The response of woody plants to clearing and fragmentation of subtropical rainforest differed between climbers and slow‐growing mature‐phase forest trees but not between climbers and pioneer trees. Quantifying taxonomic structure and functional diversity provides an improved basis for conservation planning and management by elucidating the effects of forest‐area reduction and fragmentation. Efectos de la Forma de Crecimiento y Atributos Funcionales en la Respuesta de Plantas Leñosas al Desmonte y Fragmentación de Bosque Lluvioso Subtropical     

Assessment of Trace Metals in the Sediments From the Coastal Zone of Alexandria,Egypt

Freshly deposited surface sediments from the Alexandria coastal zone were collected and analysed in 1995 for their trace metal concentrations. Metal concentrations in the sediments vary between sites within a wide range for copper, zinc, iron, lead, chromium and cadmium. the statistical analysis between the metal concentrations and the different constituents (organic carbon, total nitrogen, silt, clay and total iron) showed significant correlations. the enrichment factors for the sediments ranged between 3 and 4-fold for copper, chromium and zinc and reached up to 9-fold for lead and 113-fold for cadmium. the highest index for cadmium and lead may be attributed to the anthropogenic inputs from the surrounding area, where they are highest in lower discharge areas.     

大肠杆菌与水体中U(Ⅵ)的作用行为和产物研究

通过批次吸附实验及介观和谱学等表征方法,研究了大肠杆菌(E.coli)粉末对水体中U(Ⅵ)的富集行为和吸附模型,并对其作用产物进行了详细分析.结果表明:大肠杆菌对初始浓度为50mg/L U(Ⅵ)溶液(pH＝5)的吸附容量可达到276.89mg/g.Langmuir等温模型和准二级动力学方程能较好的描述其吸附过程. FTIR、SEM-EDS、XRD分析结果表明:在与水体中U(VI)作用后,大肠杆菌表面检测出UO₂²⁺的红外特征峰(876.16cm^-1)和U的能谱吸收峰(结合能=2.4~4.4keV).UO₂²⁺主要与菌体表面的烷基、氨基、羧基、分子间氢键发生作用,重点与PO₂-、P(OH)₂、PO₄^3-以及PO₃^-等含P基团进行络合配位,最终产物以CaU(PO₄)₂、Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂·xH₂O、NaUO₂(PO₃)₃等铀的磷酸盐形式存在.     

基于大型底栖动物摄食群上的生态质量评价

基于2011年5月和9月航次获取的大型底栖动物和环境数据,采用建立在功能摄食群上的摄食均匀度指数（the feeding evenness index,j_FD）并辅以建立在群落结构指标上的多元AZTI海洋生物指数（Multivariate AZTI Marine Biological Index,M-AMBI）评价渤海湾生态质量状况.本研究将所有大型底栖动物划分为5个摄食群,但2个航次均未发现植食者.从物种丰富度的角度看,碎屑食者和肉食者占比最高;从栖息密度的角度看则是浮游生物食者占比最高,而杂食者则在上述两个指标中均占比最低.摄食均匀度指数值大都低于0.60,说明研究区大部分海域的大型底栖动物群落受到不同程度的干扰,生态环境质量较差,这可能与该海域所受到的人为干扰如陆源排污、围海造陆有关.与M-AMBI相比,二者指示的渤海湾生态质量状况基本一致,且均能敏感地响应渤海湾近岸河口至离岸海域的环境压力梯度.总体上来讲,j_FD适用于评价渤海湾的生态质量状况.     

Organochlorines in the surface sediments of the Bahiret el Bibane lagoon (Tunisia,Southwestern Mediterranean Sea)

Organochlorines (including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) were analysed in 10 surface sediment samples collected from the Bahiret el Bibane lagoon, which is one of the most productive lagoons and one of the most important active commercial fish traps in the southern Tunisia. The aim was to obtain information concerning the recent deposition of these compounds in this area, together with the levels, the distribution and any potential biological risk. Total concentrations of OCPs and PCBs in the sediments ranged from below the limit of detection (?1 and from 29.5 to 88.2?ng?g^?1?dw, respectively. The spatial distribution of PCBs suggested that the sources of these contaminants are probably located outside the lagoon and are transported by water currents and atmospheric deposition. Compared with some other regions of the world, the Bahiret el Bibane lagoon exhibited low to moderate levels of PCBs and OCPs. According to established sediment quality guidelines, PCBs and Lindane at most of the study sites would be more concerned for the ecotoxicological risk in the Bahiret el Bibane lagoon. The results of this study could provide a useful aid for the sustainable marine management of the region.     

太子河流域大型底栖动物功能摄食类群与环境要素的关系

根据2009年8月太子河流域野外调查数据,分析了大型底栖动物的5个主要功能摄食类群的组成,包括直接收集者(gc)、捕食者(pr)、过滤收集者(fc)、撕食者(sh)和刮食者(sc),研究结果表明,太子河大型底栖动物以gc为主,占底栖动物总个体数的85.5%,其次为fc、sh、sc和pr,分别占总个体数的6.0%、3.0%、5.5%和0.0%,并且gc对人为干扰的耐受性较强,pr、sh、sc对环境条件变化较为敏感.通过5种功能摄食类群的相对丰度与水质因子相关分析,分析结果表明,海拔、水温、电导率、总氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮与gc相关性较大;而海拔、水温、电导率、pH值、总氮、亚硝态氮与pr、sc和sh相关性较大.将土地利用格局与5种功能摄食类群进行逐步回归分析,结果表明,农田和河滩对gc影响显著;而农田对pr、sc和sh影响显著.     

Effects of buoyancy, transparency and zooplankton feeding on surface maxima and deep maxima: Comprehensive mathematical model for vertical distribution in cyanobacterial biomass

Inhomogeneous vertical distributions of the cyanobacterial biomass are widely observed during the summer season in stratified lake ecosystems. Among these are surface maxima characterized by surface scum formation and deep or subsurface maxima also known as deep chlorophyll maxima (DCM). The former occurs at the epilimnion in eutrophic lakes, and are usually caused by colonial cyanobacteria such as Microcystis. On the other hand, the latter occurs at the metalimnion and the upper part of the hypolimnion near the thermocline in oligotrophic lakes, and are referred to filamentous cyanobacteria such as Oscillatoria. The aim of this paper is to present a simple mathematical model that can simultaneously describe these phenomena including the annual and diurnal variations, emphasizing the roles of buoyancy regulation, transparency of the lake and zooplankton feeding on cyanobacteria. According to our computer analyses, the increased buoyancy, the low clarity of the lake and the low rate of zooplankton feeding take significant roles in formation of surface maxima, while the reversal of these factors makes deep maxima predominant. Our two-component model with nutrients and cyanobacteria can distinguish between two phenomena by changing the parameters for these factors, without altering the model itself.     

ANAMMOX培养物中硫酸盐型氨氧化生物转化机制

厌氧条件下,ANAMMOX培养物中发生的硫酸盐型氨氧化（SRAO）现象被认为是由ANAMMOX细菌（AnAOB）介导的自养生物转化过程.在这个过程中,作为电子供体的氨被电子受体硫酸盐氧化.在某一些自然环境中观察到的氨与硫酸盐转化现象也被认为是由于上述生物转化作用而导致的.然而,在不同研究中,关于氨与硫酸盐的转化摩尔比（N/S）、硫酸盐还原的中间产物和最终产物的认定均有存在较大差异.因此,氨和硫酸盐在ANAMMOX培养物中的转化机制仍不明确.为探明ANAMMOX污泥中SRAO现象背后的基质转化途径,在不同厌氧状态（微氧：-100 mV < ORP < 0 mV,0.5 mg·L^-1 < DO < 1 mg·L^-1;缺氧：-300 mV < ORP < -100 mV,0.2 mg·L^-1 < DO < 0.5 mg·L^-1;厌氧：ORP < -300 mV,DO < 0.2 mg·L^-1）以及不同污泥组成（ANAMMOX污泥和混合污泥）的条件下开展连续流实验和批次实验.结果表明,SRAO现象只能在缺氧条件且存在异养硫酸盐还原细菌（SRB）的混合污泥中发生;在ANAMMOX污泥中无论处于哪种厌氧状态,均不会发生SRAO现象.微生物群落变化与功能基因表达分析表明,ANAMMOX污泥和混合污泥中均存在以Nitrosomonas和Nitrosospira为主的携带amoA基因的氨氧化细菌（AOB）,可将氨氧化生成亚硝酸盐,为AnAOB代谢提供底物.Desulfomicrobium、Desulfovibrio以及Desulfonatronum等携带apsA基因的SRB只存在于混合污泥中,它们利用微生物衰亡释放的有机物将硫酸盐还原.AnAOB并不能以硫酸盐为电子受体氧化氨维持代谢.因此,在ANAMMOX污泥中观察到的SRAO现象（即氨与硫酸盐的同步转化）实际上是氨氧化、ANAMMOX和异养硫酸盐还原这3个过程联合的结果,上述生物转化过程分别由AOB、AnAOB和SRB完成.