叶片微观结构变化对其颗粒物滞纳能力的影响

叶片作为植物滞留大气颗粒物最主要的载体,其表面微观结构特征和粗糙度的差异是颗粒物滞纳能力的重要决定因素.叶片微观结构会随着生长(内部因素)以及环境污染强度(外部因素)发生变化,然而现有的粉尘喷洒模拟实验,一般持续时间较短,而微观结构变化响应具有明显的滞后性,其结果无法客观反映由内外因素作用引起的微观结构变化对颗粒物滞纳能力的影响.本研究利用新叶和老叶研究叶片生长,并选择自然状态下不同污染源条件研究污染强度,分析叶片表面微观结构的变化及其对颗粒物滞纳能力的影响.研究得到3种常绿树种(矮紫杉Taxus cuspidata var.、侧柏Platycladus orientalis和油松Pinus tabuliformis)的老叶滞纳TSP、 PM_(10)、 PM_(2.5)和PM_1量均高于新叶,随着叶片的生长其颗粒物滞纳量在增大,且新叶与老叶对不同粒径颗粒物的滞纳量间均存在极显著的差异.生长中叶片粗糙度Rq值的增大是老叶颗粒物滞纳能力增大的主要原因. 5个树种(侧柏、油松、国槐Sophora japonica、毛白杨Populus tomentosa和银杏Ginkgo biloba)TSP和PM_(10)滞纳量为重度污染区高于相对清洁区.而PM_(2.5)和PM_1滞纳量则是油松、银杏和侧柏为重度污染区高于相对清洁区,国槐和毛白杨为相对清洁区高于重度污染区.不同污染强度区域间叶片TSP、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)滞纳量存在着极显著的差异,PM_1滞纳量也存在着差异.主要归因于与相对清洁区相比,重度污染区叶片的气孔指数降低,蜡质层退化,表面纹理和细胞边界更加不规则,绒毛变长,变硬,叶片微观结构的这些变化使得重度污染区叶片粗糙度Rq值高于相对清洁区,且叶片背面的增加较正面更明显.研究结果将为深入揭示叶片颗粒物滞纳能力的驱动因素,以及提出更科学地提升净化颗粒物功能的城市森林管理措施提供数据支持.     

加卸载作用下裂隙岩芯渗透性变化规律研究

针对光滑平行板裂隙加载渗流规律难以准确反映实际工程裂隙岩体卸荷渗流特性的问题,利用水力压裂方法制作了天然岩芯裂隙,开展了裂隙试件受轴压、围压加载和卸载作用的渗流试验,并将裂隙试件的CT扫描图像导入ABAQUS软件,对粗糙裂隙受载时的应力和变形规律进行了数值模拟。结果表明:裂隙面的法向应力是影响裂隙渗流的主要因素;在加载阶段,粗糙裂隙面受载产生接触应力致使接触部分产生变形和破坏,裂隙接触刚度增大,裂隙宽度非线性减小,渗透率降低速率越来越小;在卸载阶段,弹性变形逐步恢复,裂隙宽度缓慢增加,渗透率先缓慢增大,当载荷卸到一定值后,在孔隙压力作用下裂隙张开、渗透率突然增大。研究结果表明了粗糙裂隙与光滑平行板裂隙对载荷敏感性不同的机理,反映了实际工程裂隙岩体卸荷渗流特性。     

几种海藻表面附着细菌的分离及其gyrB基因序列分析

利用TCBS培养基从三种海藻:孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)、海带苗(Laminaria japonica)和多管藻(Polysiphonia urceolata)表面共分离得到10株细菌.生理生化试验和gyrB基因序列分析结果表明10株细菌都属于弧菌(Vibrio).基于gyrB基因序列构建的系统发生树显示,菌株L5、L6、P7、P8、P10、P11、P12与Vibrio splendidus属于同一分支,序列间相似性为97.5-100%.菌株L4、P9与Vibrio cyclitrophicus属于同一分支,序列间完全一致.菌株U3在系统发生树上独立构成一个分支.本文结果表明不同海藻表面的附着细菌组成也不相同,具有一定的海藻特异性.     

Use of artificial roughness for performance enhancement of solar air heaters—a review

The performance characteristics of a solar air heater can effectively be improved by providing artificial roughness in the form of protrusions and dimples of various shapes, sizes, and orientations on the underside of heated surface. An extensive literature review on artificial roughness elements has been carried and the correlations developed for heat transfer and friction factor for roughened solar air collector have been discussed and presented in this paper. The performance parameter has also been computed and compared with various kinds and shapes of roughness geometries using correlations developed by various investigators. The optimum values of the roughness parameters obtained by several investigators have also been discussed.     

中国地表水环境质量标准修订研究

提出了对ＧＢ３８３８－８８地面水环境质量标准的修订原则和目标。制定了ＧＢ３８３－９８地表水环境质量标准的总体框架。新标准有基本项目３１项,特定项目４５项,对４２面有机化学物质指标３项防止富养化指标和２项常规污染控制指标作了较详细地论述,对项目的分析方法亦作了增订和补充。     

顶空气相色谱法测定地表水中吡啶

采用顶空进样、毛细管柱HP -INNOWAX分离、GC -FID测定地表水中吡啶。水样顶空时通过加碳酸钠盐大幅度降低了检出限 ,最低检出浓度达到 0 0 2mg/L。本法加标回收率为 96 5 %～ 10 1% ,变异系数为 7 8%～ 9 8%。     

Evaluation of activated sludge properties’ changes in industrial-wastewater pre-treatment: role of residual aluminum hydrolyzed species with different polymerization degree

● Medium poly Al salts dominated the PAC residual salts with a rational dosage. ● Settlement flocculation effect under medium poly Al salts showed a better trend. ● Complex of medium poly Al salts and enzymes promoted cell activity. ● Medium poly Al salts were beneficial to the effluent indexes. With the widespread introduction of pre-coagulation prior to the biological unit in various industrial wastewater treatments, it is noteworthy that long-term accumulation of residual coagulants has certains effect on both micro and macro characteristics of activated sludge (AS). In this study, the morphology distributions of residual aluminum salts (RAS) and their effects on the removal efficiency of AS were investigated under different PAC concentrations. The results showed that the dominance of medium polymeric RAS, formed under an appropriate PAC dose of 20 mg/L enhanced the hydrophobicity, flocculation, and sedimentation performances of AS, as well as the enzymatic activity in cells in the sludge system, improving the main pollutants removal efficiency of the treatment system. Comparatively the species composition with monomer and dimer / high polymer RAS as the overwhelming parts under an over-dosed PAC concentration of 55 mg/L resulted in excessive secretion of EPS with loose flocs structure and conspicuous inhibition of cellular activity, leading to the deterioration of physico-chemical and biological properties of AS. Based on these findings, this study can shed light on the role of the RAS hydrolyzed species distributions, closely relevant to Al dosage, in affecting the comprehensive properties of AS and provide a theoretical reference for coagulants dosage precise control in the pretreatment of industrial wastewater.     

湿法消解-原子荧光光谱法同时测定地表水中的砷和汞

为提高检测效率、降低检测成本、提高检测的准确性,采用硝酸消解水样,断续流动进样,在KBH_4-酸体系中、最佳的仪器试验条件下,用原子荧光光谱法同时测定地表水中的砷和汞。实验结果表明:砷、汞检出限分别为0.109、0.0026μg/L,线性范围分别为0～40μg/L和0～2μg/L,精密度都是1.4%,加标回收率分别为93.5%～107%和96.0%～104%。表明该检测方法检出限低、干扰性小、精密度高、测定结果稳定,能够满足地表水中砷和汞同时测定要求。     

地表水特定项目优化检测技术研究

对地表水中特定项目指标的检测技术进行了优化研究,根据检测目标化合物的结构性质和色谱分析手段的兼容性,对前处理方法和分析手段进行了优化整合,提出了特定项目的解决方案,提高了工作效率,对切实保障饮用水源安全有实际意义.     

2016—2021年四川省地表水体中铀的放射性水平及健康风险评价

为调查四川省地表水体中放射性物质铀（U）的含量,评价居民摄入地表水体中U导致的健康风险,在四川省主要地表水系中共设置23个监测断面,于2016—2021年检测了U的放射性水平,并根据健康风险评价模型对居民的健康风险进行评估。结果表明：四川省地表水体中U的质量浓度为0.16～3.6 μg/L,参照《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749—2022）,均合格;不同年份、不同地表水体中U的放射性水平间的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;不同水期U的放射性水平间的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。各年龄组通过饮水、水体浸没途径摄入U所致总年均待积有效剂量均＜0.1mSv;对各年龄段居民的总致癌风险为4.18×10^-9 ～2.24×10^-8 ,均低于世界卫生组织（WHO）和国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）发布的最严格控制限值。全省主要地表水体中U对各年龄组都是安全的。