Morphology, composition, and sources of individual aerosol particles at a regional background site of the YRD, China

Aerosol samples were collected at Lin'an, a background site of Yangtze River Delta(YRD).Morphology, size, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS), and the soluble ions of PM_(1.0) were studied by aerosol mass spectrometer(AMS). The daily average AMS mass concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium were about 5.8, 8.6, and 5.6 μg/m~3, respectively. Individual aerosol particles were classified into seven types: S-rich, K-rich, organic matter(OM), soot, fly ash, metal, and mineral. S-rich particles were dominant in all size bins, and 51%(by number) of S-rich particles were internally mixed with other particles. The fraction of organic coating particles was 13.7% in morning, 25.2% in afternoon, and 11% in evening, suggesting that the strong photochemical process during afternoon produced more secondary organic aerosols(SOA) on the surface of inorganic particles. Fly ash and metal particles were abundant during the day, suggesting the influence of emissions from coal-fired power plants and steel plants. The results indicate that the intense industrial emissions in the YRD significantly transported to the background areas. PM_(2.5) concentration may be lower in background air than in urban air but complex mixing state of aerosol particles indicates that the long-range transported particles substantially influenced the background air quality.     

Air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the Yangtze River Delta region during 2014–2016

With rapid economic growth and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region in China has experienced serious air pollution challenges. In this study, we analyzed the air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the YRD region during 2014–2016. In recent years, the concentrations of all air pollutants, except O_3,decreased. Spatially, the PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, and CO concentrations were higher in the northern YRD region, and NO_2 and O_3 were higher in the central YRD region. Based on the number of non-attainment days(i.e., days with air quality index greater than 100), PM_(2.5) was the largest contributor to air pollution in the YRD region, followed by O_3, PM_(10), and NO_2.However, particulate matter pollution has declined gradually, while O_3 pollution worsened.Meteorological conditions mainly influenced day-to-day variations in pollutant concentrations. PM_(2.5) concentration was inversely related to wind speed, while O_3 concentration was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity.The air quality improvement in recent years was mainly attributed to emission reductions.During 2014–2016, PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, NO_x, CO, NH_3, and volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions in the YRD region were reduced by 26.3%, 29.2%, 32.4%, 8.1%, 15.9%, 4.5%, and0.3%, respectively. Regional transport also contributed to the air pollution. During regional haze periods, pollutants from North China and East China aggravated the pollution in the YRD region. Our findings suggest that emission reduction and regional joint prevention and control helped to improve the air quality in the YRD region.     

长三角典型站点冬季大气PM2.5中OC、EC污染特征

对2015年1月9日~2015年1月31日临安、南京和苏州3个站点采集的PM_(2.5)样品(共计279组),使用热光反射法(thermal/optical reflectance,TOR)分析了样品中有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)的含量,并研究了长三角地区冬季PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的污染特征.结果表明,采样期间临安、南京和苏州的PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度分别为(123.56±61.11)、(144.77±62.91)和(156.5±68.97)μg·m-3,均超过我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)规定的PM_(2.5)日均值75μg·m-3;其中3个站点OC与EC的平均质量浓度依次分别为(21.93±11.69)/(6±3.6)、(20.32±10.3)/(5.39±3.07)和(27.08±14.35)/(6.4±4.29)μg·m-3.临安作为长三角大气环境背景点,OC与EC的污染也较为严重.3个站点OC与EC的相关性为临安(R2=0.83)、南京(R2=0.72)和苏州(R2=0.72),表明冬季长三角地区的碳质气溶胶的来源较为一致和稳定.3个站点样品中的OC/EC值均大于2.0,样品的OC/EC值主要分布在2.5~6.0这个区间内,表明燃煤源和机动车尾气排放源是OC与EC的主要来源.使用EC示踪法估算临安、南京和苏州3个站点的二次有机碳(SOC)平均质量浓度分别为(9.23±5.26)、(6.82±4.36)和(12.56±7.52)μg·m-3,在OC中占比为42%、34%和46%,表明SOC是OC的重要组成部分.后向轨迹显示,PM_(2.5)、OC和EC的质量浓度与主要气团的传输路径有较好的相关性,自空气质量较差区域气团的PM_(2.5)、OC和EC的质量浓度是来自空气质量较好区域的1.14~1.7倍、1.55~2.1倍和1.94~2.47倍.     

1970-2015年汉江流域多尺度极端降水时空变化特征

基于汉江流域63个气象站点逐日降水数据,辅以超阈值抽样、极端降水集中度（EPCD）和集中期（EPCP）、Mann-Kendall趋势检验等分析方法,对1970-2015年汉江流域多尺度极端降水变化特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）在旬尺度上,汉江流域EPCD较高,呈现出“西高东低”空间特征;汉江EPCP多年均值为七月下旬,空间呈现出“东部早,西部迟”的分布特征,不同流域表现出不同的年代变化规律。（2）在月尺度上,汉江流域极端降水各月分布不均,主要集中在5-9月,同年10月至次年4月为极端降水少发期。（3）在季尺度上,汉江流域极端降水夏季占比50%以上,但近期全流域夏季极端降水比例下降,其中上游主要为春季占比增加,中下游为秋季占比增加,说明夏季是影响汉江极端降水非均匀变化的关键季节。（4）在影响因素上,当东亚季风和南亚II区季风偏强时,汉江流域夏季极端降水量整体减少;当东亚季风偏弱时,夏季极端降水增幅呈南北分异,而南亚II区季风偏弱时,极端降水增幅呈东西分异。     

塔里木河下游区域植被时空变化

为了对比生态输水工程实施前后塔里木河下游植被变化,分析植被对生态输水的时空响应,基于1986-2017年研究区上方无云的22期Landsat NDVI数据,辅以波动分析、趋势分析,探索研究区植被的时空变化特征,并对其驱动因素进行分析。结果表明：（1）空间上,植被的分布与水资源的分布密切相关,主要沿河道和积水区域分布。（2）1986-2000年,NDVI呈现缓慢下降趋势,2000-2017年NDVI总体呈现波动增加趋势;植被对生态输水有一定的滞后性,且与输水量密切相关。（3）研究区NDVI时间序列的方差介于0.0077~0.1957间,存在明显的空间差异,其波动的大小与植被种类密切相关。（4）1986-2000年,植被的NDVI空间趋势以减小为主,并主要发生在英苏和老英苏附近;2000-2017年,植被的NDVI空间趋势以增加为主,且主要发生在沿河道区域和喀尔达依东侧。     

基于GOCI数据的霾天气气溶胶辐射强迫的日内变化——以长江三角洲为例

以长江三角洲（以下简称长三角）为研究区,基于2017年10~12月内共16d 94景的晴空静止卫星GOCI L1B图像和6S模型,采用深蓝算法反演长三角地区气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）,并利用2个实测站数据进行验证.再通过反演得到的AOD结果进一步模拟计算该区域地表和大气层顶的气溶胶直接辐射效应（ADRE）,并结合典型的雾霾天气进行分析.结果表明：利用GOCI数据反演的AOD具有较高拟合精度,北辰楼站点拟合相关性R²为0.68,太湖站点为0.67.空间上,由于气溶胶存在制冷效应,AOD和地表面、大气层顶气溶胶直接辐射强度均呈现出显著的线性关系.时间上,由于气溶胶扩散和风向等因素,早上和下午辐射效应强度较高,中午较低.其中10：00和11：00影像可以较好地模拟日均ADRE的特征,利用ADRE日内变化成功捕捉到一次雾霾爆发并消失的现象,对气象部门监测近地表气温和分析灰霾的形成等具有重要意义.     

人类活动净氮输入时空变化特征及其影响因素——以香溪河流域为例

为了阐明人类活动对三峡库区第一大支流香溪河流域氮输入的影响程度,基于人类活动净氮输入（NANI）模型估算了2001~2015年间香溪河流域乡镇水平的人类活动净氮输入,分析了氮输入的主要来源及其动态变化.结果表明：时间尺度上,香溪河流域人类活动净氮输入（NANI）因氮素施用的变化而呈现先上升后下降最后上升的趋势,但2015年相对2001年的NANI下降了143kg N/（km²·a）;空间尺度上,香溪河流域NANI整体呈现北低南高的分布格局,其中NANI输入强度差异较大的区域主要有昭君镇、峡口镇和黄粮镇.从人类活动净氮输入的组成上来看,氮肥施用仍然是最主要的来源（40.06%）,其次为大气氮沉降（29.98%）和食品/饲料净氮输入（27.75%）,作物固氮仅占净氮输入总量的2.21%.香溪河流域的NANI与人口密度和耕地面积比例极显著相关（P<0.001）;而NANI与河流氮输出的相关性不显著,香溪河流域河流氮输出占NANI的比例仅为24.28%.因此,可以通过减少氮素施用降低流域尺度氮素净输入量,但该流域NANI与河流氮输出无直接的响应关系.     

基于多源遥感数据的锡尔河中下游农田土壤水分反演

机器学习结合多源遥感数据反演土壤水分含量（SMC）是目前SMC研究的热点,因较少考虑温度、蒸散等重要SMC影响因子,反演结果存在一定的不确定性。利用Sentinel-1影像、MODIS产品和SRTM数据,提取雷达后向散射系数等32个SMC影响因子,经相关分析选择27个显著的SMC影响因子（P<0.05）作为反演因子,并设计三组因子组合。这三组因子组合分别与随机森林、支持向量回归、BP神经网络三种机器学习方法结合,发现基于随机森林结合所有因子的方案,其SMC反演精度最高,该组合均方根误差RMSE为0.039 m³/m³,将该方案被用于反演2017年生长季锡尔河流域中下游平原区农田SMC。结果表明：从上部至下部SMC总体呈逐渐增加的态势,但存在显著时空差异,春季和秋季SMC较高而夏季较低。SMC差异主要由土壤质地、热量条件和地表植被状况差异引起。春季平原区下部农田SMC要高于上部,SMC的主控因子是土壤质地和地表植被状况;在夏季,土壤水分的主控因子是热量条件,农田灌溉弥补了热量条件差异对土壤水分的影响,导致空间上平原上部和下部土壤SMC空间差异不显著;秋季SMC的主控因子植被状况抵消地表温度和土壤质地差异对SMC的影响,使得秋季SMC空间差异不显著。本文采用的研究方法在一定程度上克服了因考虑SMC影响因子不足而获取更高SMC精度的限制。     

Response of the sediment geochemistry of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) to the impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam

Based on the measurement of major and trace elements in suspended sediments in the low reaches of the Changjiang River during throughout a whole hydrologic year, the origins, seasonal variations, and fluxes of multielements and the human impacts on multielements transport processes have been analyzed along with the influence of weathering in the Changjiang River basin. The results show that most element contents were high in both autumn and winter and low in summer, which was largely caused by the dilution of discharge. Weathering detritus in the Changjiang River basin is the main source of most elements in suspended sediments. However, riverine pollution could bring more loadings of Cd, Pb, As and Zn into river water than it did a few decades ago. The annual average fluxes of Cd, Pb and Zn, which are major contamination elements, to the sea were 179 ± 21 tons/year, 7810 ± 675 tons/year, and 12,000 ± 1320 tons/year,respectively, in which approximately 8.7%, 11.9% and 2.7% of their loadings, respectively,were contributed by pollution inputs. Element exports mainly occurred in the summer(44.4%–57.4%) in the lower part of the Changjiang River. A general relationship between sediment retention and element content suggests a positive feedback mechanism for the decreased number of particles, in which element riverine loadings are reduced due to the enhanced trapping effect by the Three Gorges Dam(TGD). Compared to those in 1980,current element shares of the Changjiang River compared to the global budget have declined due to the construction of the TGD.     

青海典型内陆河流域地表水溶解性养分组成及分布特征

为了解青海典型内陆河地表水溶解性养分组成及分布特征,对青海巴音河、格尔木河及小柴旦湖流域地表水进行了采集,分析了地表水溶解性养分的组成及含量。结果表明:巴音河流域溶解性养分N、Si可能受水库滞留效应影响;克鲁克湖有较高的NH_4~+-N含量,主要与渔业养殖有关;格尔木河流域溶解性养分含量从上游到下游有升高的趋势,可能与流域内地形差异以及水体沿途蒸发作用有关;托素湖和小柴旦湖溶解性养分含量远远高于河流,主要与湖泊水体蒸发强烈导致的养分含量浓缩有关。研究区水体溶解性养分含量均大于受限阈值,但河流DIN/SRP 10、DSi/DIN 1,表现为N相对不足,湖泊DSi/SRP 10、DSi/DIN 1,表现为Si相对不足。主成分分析表明河流、水库以及克鲁克湖为Ⅰ～Ⅱ类水体,托素湖、小柴旦湖为Ⅴ类水体。