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281.
282.
本文简要评析了国际经济与社会可持续发展中民间规制的现状,指出尽管国际民间规制对规范与提升国际经济行为发挥了十分积极的作用,一定程度上弥补了政府公共治理的局限,但无论是在国际上还是国内范围,它们都不足以成为经济发展进程中政府规制的替代品. 相似文献
283.
Waite TA 《Environmental management》2007,40(3):476-480
Bushmeat hunting, a key source of dietary protein, has been implicated as a major extinction threat to tropical vertebrate
species in West Africa. Ideally, any such hunting of wild species should be done sustainably, with off-take levels low enough
to ensure viability of harvested species. Recent work purports to show that a mature bushmeat market in a major city in Ghana
operates sustainably after depletion of vulnerable, slow-reproducing species (Cowlishaw and others 2005). I revisit two aspects of this work. First, I retest the prediction that larger species are transported to the market from
greater distances, as expected if overexploitation depletes large species close to the city. Cowlishaw and others failed to
find a significantly positive relationship between species-specific body mass and distance between capture site and the market.
However, my reanalysis provides evidence for a positive relationship after all, consistent with unsustainable harvesting.
In particular, ungulate species were harvested significantly farther from the market than smaller-bodied rodent species. Second,
I caution that just because species “persist” in the marketplace in no way implies that they can withstand hunting pressure
elsewhere and so should be of little concern to conservationists. I reveal that such species, despite their high intrinsic
rates of population growth, are not robust elsewhere. Several of them have disappeared from a network of protected areas in
Ghana (Brashares and others 2001). I show that faster-reproducing species are not necessarily more likely to persist in protected areas. The mere presence
of fast-reproducing species in a mature bushmeat market should not be construed as generalizable robustness; criteria for
ecological sustainability should ensure viability; and harvested species should be robust, not highly prone to extinction,
in protected areas. 相似文献
284.
Soil and water conservation (SWC) contests among farmer groups were organized in five rural villages in the Bolivian mountain
valleys. The contests were aimed at quickly achieving widespread sustainable results. This article analyzes the effectiveness
of these contests as an extension tool. Mixed results were obtained. In three villages, participation rates in the SWC activities
introduced in the contests were still high even 2 years after project withdrawal. These were all villages where a solid foundation
for sustainable development had been laid before the contests were held. Two years later, most families were still involved
in maintenance of the SWC practices introduced in the contests, and many farmers had started to experiment with different
soil management practices. However, replications of these SWC practices were not widespread, Conservation Leaders did not
continue with their training activities, and the quality of maintenance of the practices was often not satisfactory. In order
to become a more effective extension tool and achieve widespread impact, SWC contests must receive continued support by a
catalyst agency. Moreover, other SWC contests should also be organized in which practices are not predefined. Given that SWC
contests are a low-budget extension tool, local municipalities could become more actively involved. 相似文献
285.
An assessment of Spain's Programa AGUA and its implications for sustainable water management in the province of Almería, southeast Spain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Spain's Programa AGUA was proposed in 2004 as a replacement for the Spanish National Hydrological Plan and represented a fundamental policy shift in national water management from large inter-basin water transfers to a commitment to desalination. Twenty-one desalination facilities are planned for six provinces on the Spanish Mediterranean coast to supplement their water needs. These include the province of Almería that for the last 30 years has endured a net water abstraction overdraft leading to serious reservoir depletion and groundwater imbalances. Rising water use is a result of increasing demand to support irrigated agriculture (e.g. greenhouse horticulture) and for domestic needs (e.g. rapid urban growth and tourism development), which has led observers to question Almería's long-term water sustainability. Desalinated water alone is unlikely to be sufficient to make up these water deficits and water-users will have to accept a move to full-price water recovery by 2010 under the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive of which Spain is a signatory. Anticipated water efficiencies resulting from higher water tariffs, increasing water reuse and water infrastructure improvements (including inter-basin transfers), in conjunction with increasing use of desalinated water, are expected to address the province's current water overdraft. However, Almería will need to balance its planned initiatives against long-term estimates of projected agricultural and domestic development and the environmental consequences of adopting a desalination-supported water future. 相似文献
286.
The paper explores the role of a participatory approach in the outcome of the Finnish sustainable development indicator (SDI) exercise in 1998-2002. The process is analysed through three main objectives: to achieve stronger democracy, better quality of the end product and a more effective process. The analysis is further structured by a set of criteria needed for successful participation and differentiation of types of participants. The criteria comprise three main aspects: fairness, competence and social learning. In addition to the normally mentioned stakeholders (e.g. citizens and interest groups) participants also include experts and civil servants. Using the set of criteria above the participatory approach of the Finnish SDI process is then evaluated, and in the light of this evaluation the paper also discusses the specifications needed as evaluation criteria for national level policy programme processes like developing the SDIs. The results are based on documentation of the indicator task force meetings, written comments and a study of the putative end-users conducted after the publication of the indicators. The results show that the intense and broad participation of experts and civil servants increased the competence of the outcome and led to greater efficiency in working methods. However, this led to technocratic participation, absence of democratic participation and absence of social learning. Thus the ultimate goal of SDIs to contribute to achieving sustainability was not reached. 相似文献
287.
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.02.294
Background, Aim and Scope. To better address the requirements of the changing multilateral order, the United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO) Cleaner Production Programme, in 2004, developed the new Sustainable Industrial Resource
Management (SIRM) approach. This approach is in accordance with the principles decided at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. Unlike the traditional approaches to environmental
management, the SIRM concept captures the idea of achieving sustainable industrial development through the implementation
of circular material and energy flows in the entire production chain and reduction of the amount of material and energy used
with greater efficiency solutions. The SIRM approach seeks to develop new models to encourage a shift from selling products
to supplying services, modifying, in this manner, the supplier/user relationship and resulting in a win-win situation for
the economy and the environment. Chemical Leasing represents such a new service-oriented business model and is currently being
promoted by UNIDO′s Cleaner Production Programme.
Main Features. One of the potential approaches to address the problems related to ineffective use and over-consumption of
chemicals is the development and implementation of Chemical Leasing business models. These provide concrete solutions to the
effective management of chemicals and on the ways negative releases to the environment can be reduced. The Chemical Leasing
approach is a strategy that addresses the obligations of the changing international chemicals policy by focusing on a more
service-oriented strategy. Mexico is one of the countries that were selected for the implementation of UNIDO's demonstration
project to promote Chemical Leasing models in the country. The target sector of this project is the chemical industry, which
is expected to shift their traditional business concept towards a more service and value-added approach. This is being achieved
through the development of company specific business models that implement the above-indicated Chemical Leasing concept with
the support from the Mexican National Cleaner Production Centre (NCPC).
Results and Conclusions. The implementation of Chemical Leasing in Mexico has proven to be an efficient instrument in enhancing
sustainable chemical management and significantly reducing emissions in Mexico. Several companies from the chemical industrial
sector implement or agreed to implement chemical leasing business models. Based on the positive findings of the project,
several Mexican companies started to negotiate contents of possible Chemical Leasing contracts with suitable business partners.
The project further aimed at disseminating information on Chemical Leasing. It successfully attracted globally operating companies
in the chemicals sector to explore possibilities to implement Chemical Leasing business models in Mexico. At the international
level, the results of the UNIDO project were presented on 20TH September 2005 during a side event of the Strategic Approach
to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) Preparation Conference in Vienna.
Recommendations and Outlook. To facilitate the promotion and application of Chemical Leasing project at international level,
UNIDO is currently developing a number of tools to standardize Chemical Leasing projects. These include, among others, Chemical
leasing contract models; Chemical Leasing data base to find partners for chemical leasing; and guidelines to implement Chemical
Leasing projects and work programmes. 相似文献
288.
The recently-adopted global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will have significant implications for national development planning in both developed and developing countries in the post-2015 period to 2030. Integrated, nationally-owned SDG strategies will be at the centre of national efforts to implement the new sustainable development agenda. The long-run processes and systems perspective that are inherent in the SDGs present complex analytical problems for policymakers and analysts. Scenario analysis and quantitative modelling will be important analytical tools to support national sustainable development planning, and there is an increasingly sophisticated suite of models available to decision makers. This paper reviews and assesses a broad range of different quantitative models that have the potential to support national development planning for the SDGs. The study develops a typology and inventory of 80 different models, and then reviews the comparative strengths, weaknesses and general utility of different models through an initial screening and subsequent multi-criteria analysis of short-listed models. Current gaps in model capabilities are highlighted in the context of providing analytical support for national development planning for the SDGs. While some existing models are particularly relevant, it is unlikely that an ideal model can analyse all SDG targets and variables of interest within a single modelling framework. Top-down ‘macro framework’ models are likely to be more useful for undertaking system-level or economy-wide scenario analysis driven by the national long-term goals and targets, and for exploring trade-offs and synergies among sectors. Bottom-up sectoral models will be able to support far more detailed option-level impact analysis of concrete interventions, technologies and investments. Combining both approaches within an analytical framework will provide a robust approach for analysis and decision-making. The results highlight a range of potential gaps in current modelling capabilities, and provide some new tools to assist with model selection. 相似文献
289.
Stakeholder participation is considered a key principle for sustainable development in the context of natural resource and disaster risk management. Participatory modelling (PM) is an interactive and iterative process in which stakeholder involvement is supported by modelling and communication tools. Planning and decision-making for sustainable development (SD)integrate three substantive dimensions − social, ecological and economic. The procedural dimension of SD, however, is equally important, and here we see great potential for PM. In this study, we evaluate five PM research projects against criteria for the procedural dimension of SD. This provides a basis for identifying key issues and needs for further research into PM for SD. While the cases show great potential, especially for supporting knowledge integration, learning and transparent handling of values and perspectives, they indicate a particular need to develop PM in respect of organizational integration. This issue is closely connected to the possibility of effectively implementing PM in practice. 相似文献
290.
C. A. Kessler 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(2):233-247
In Bolivia, recent decentralisation policies have broadened the participation of local actors in development processes. However,
development is far from sustainable, and poverty and natural resources degradation still increase. The challenge is to develop
strategies that achieve the genuine participation of poor farmers in natural resources management and sustainable development.
The logical strategy, which was developed and validated in five Bolivian mountain villages, is an example. In this strategy,
first a solid foundation for sustainable development is laid, with activities focussing on five basic conditions for sustainable
development in rural villages: leadership and organisation, responsible participation, effective collaboration, mutual trust
and environmental awareness. The results show that the existence of a solid foundation is crucial for the success of other
development activities, such as soil and water conservation activities. However, given that 2 years after the project’s withdrawal
the firmness of the foundation had slightly weakened, it was concluded that a better integration of these villages in local
development processes is essential to profit from the new dynamics. This is especially true for soil and water conservation.
To achieve this integration, municipalities—with the support of international development agencies—must be encouraged to invest
in laying this solid foundation in rural villages and in facilitating follow-up activities to keep the dynamic process going.
This study shows that such investments result in better organised villages, more equality, and the genuine participation of
more people in sustainable village development. Effective collaboration and accountability at institutional level are, however,
required. 相似文献