面向新型航空装备系统的安全保障模式研究

四代机和大型运输机作为新型的航空装备,因其具有更为先进的技术性能,导致服役风险的增大。为促进国内四代机装备部队后战斗力的迅速形成,提出了一种基于和谐交互机制的安全保障模式。通过建立系统安全度模型,揭示了航空装备系统本质安全化的规律,即注重系统组元本质安全化的同时,强调系统组元内部及其与外界环境间的和谐交互作用。分析了系统安全保障模式中的人的本质安全化和环境的本质安全化,阐述了三类本质安全人的职责和相互关系;借用辐射理念,建立了系统安全辐射模型,提出安全辐射是扩大安全效益的有效手段;对航空装备系统本质安全化中的总效用和边际效用进行了数学描述,认为系统组元达到有机耦合是安全效用最大化的唯一途径,所述观点为新型航空装备的安全服役有一定指导意义。     

The potential contribution of sustainable waste management to energy use and greenhouse gas emission reduction in the Netherlands

Future limitations on the availability of selected resources stress the need for increased material efficiency. In addition, in a climate-constrained world the impact of resource use on greenhouse gas emissions should be minimized. Waste management is key to achieve sustainable resource management. Ways to use resources more efficiently include prevention of waste, reuse of products and materials, and recycling of materials, while incineration and anaerobic digestion may recover part of the embodied energy of materials. This study used iWaste, a simulation model, to investigate the extent to which savings in energy consumption and CO₂ emissions can be achieved in the Netherlands through recycling of waste streams versus waste incineration, and to assess the extent to which this potential is reflected in the LAP2 (currently initiated policy). Three waste streams (i.e. household waste, bulky household waste, and construction and demolition waste) and three scenarios compare current policy to scenarios that focus on high-quality recycling (Recycling+) or incineration with increased efficiency (Incineration+). The results show that aiming for more and high-quality recycling can result in emission reductions of 2.3 MtCO₂ annually in the Netherlands compared to the reference situation in 2008. The main contributors to this reduction potential are found in optimizing the recycling of plastics (PET, PE and PP), textiles, paper, and organic waste. A scenario assuming a higher energy conversion efficiency of the incinerator treating the residual waste stream, achieves an emission reduction equivalent to only one third (0.7 MtCO₂/year) of the reduction achieved in the Recycling+ scenario. Furthermore, the results of the study show that currently initiated policy only partially realizes the full potential identified. A focus on highest quality use of recovered materials is essential to realize the full potential energy and CO₂ emission reduction identified for the Netherlands. Detailed economic and technical analyses of high quality recycling are recommended to further evaluate viable integrated waste management policies.     

1980-2000年中国发展的资源环境成本分析

21世纪头20年是中国实现现代化、全面建设小康社会的重要时期，也是中国走可持续发展道路面临机遇与挑战并存的时期。在这20年内，中国要实现国内生产总值翻两番、人均国内生产总值接近3000美元的目标，首先离不开自然资源、生态环境的支撑。本文通过对改革开放20年中国社会经济发展对资源、生态环境消耗情况的全面分析，阐述了发展与资源、生态环境的关系，系统地评估了中国目前资源、生态环境的基础。     

西安市水资源的可持续利用研究

随着西部大开发战略的实施 ,西安市水资源供给与城市发展的矛盾将愈加突出。西安市水资源总量先天不足且时空分布不均 ,人为利用中对水环境破坏严重 ,水资源重复利用率低下 ,使原本很少的水资源更为短缺。针对以上问题 ,本文构建了西安市水资源利用的外部约束机制 ,并从现实出发探索了水资源利用的内部机制     

水泥行业节能减排与清洁生产——以鞍山某水泥有限责任公司清洁生产为例

以典型的水泥行业清洁生产审核为例,阐述传统的水泥行业,通过实施清洁生产是实现企业节能减排的重要手段之一,从而实现企业环境效益、经济效益双赢,为水泥行业的可持续发展奠定基础。     

From a literature review to a conceptual framework for sustainable supply chain management

Academic and corporate interest in sustainable supply chain management has risen considerably in recent years. This can be seen by the number of papers published and in particular by journal special issues. To establish the field further, the purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it offers a literature review on sustainable supply chain management taking 191 papers published from 1994 to 2007 into account. Second, it offers a conceptual framework to summarize the research in this field comprising three parts. As starting point related triggers are identified. This allows putting forward two distinct strategies: (1) supplier management for risks and performance, and (2) supply chain management for sustainable products. It is evident that research is still dominated by green/environmental issues. Social aspects and also the integration of the three dimensions of sustainability are still rare.Both practitioners in companies and academics might find the review useful, as it outlines major lines of research in the field. Further, it discusses specific features of sustainable supply chains as well as limitations of existing research; this should stimulate further research.     

生态小区建设中食物垃圾处理技术

分析了食物垃圾的产量、特点。综述食物垃圾的常用处理方法,提出了生态小区建设中食物垃圾的合理解决方法．将食物垃圾的处理与生活污水的处理就近有机结合,为生态小区建设中废物资源化处理和利用提供有效的依据。     

发展循环经济 开辟航空业新纪元

随着人们环保意识的逐渐增强,航空业所造成的环境和噪声污染已经越来越成为令人关注的重大问题。从5个方面介绍了发达国家航空业发展循环经济的经验,指出我国作为发展中国家,要正视与发达国家的差距,借鉴国外先进经验,转变观念、大胆创新,大力发展循环经济,开辟我国航空业的新纪元。     

黄河干流水库生态调度总体框架研究

水库的建成和运行对河流生态系统造成一定的负面影响,实施生态调度是减轻水库负面影响的方法之一。水库生态调度的实施是一个复杂的系统工程,本文在分析了生态调度的内涵的基础上,针对当前黄河干流水库运行所引起的生态环境问题,提出了黄河干流水库生态调度的总体框架,包括黄河干流水库生态调度的目标、生态调度支撑体系及生态调度实施步骤等等,为黄河干流水库生态调度下一步研究和实施提供参考。     

A comparison of general aviation accidents involving airline pilots and instrument-rated private pilots

Introduction: The extremely low accident rate for U.S air carriers relative to that of general aviation (∼1 and ∼60/million flight hours respectively) partly reflects advanced airman certification, more demanding recurrency training and stringent operational regulations. However, whether such skillset/training/regulations translate into improved safety for airline pilots operating in the general aviation environment is unknown and the aim of this study. Methods: Accidents (1998–2017) involving airline pilots and instrument-rated private pilots (PPL-IFR) operating non-revenue light aircraft were identified from the NTSB accident database. An online survey informed general aviation flight exposure for both pilot cohorts. Statistics used proportion testing and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: In degraded visibility, 0 and 40% (χ² p = 0.043) of fatal accidents involving airline and PPL-IFR airmen were due to in-flight loss-of-control, respectively. For landing accidents, airline pilots were under-represented for mishaps related to airspeed mismanagement (p = 0.036) relative to PPL-IFR but showed a dis-proportionate count (2X) of ground loss-of-directional control accidents (p = 0.009) the latter likely reflecting a preference for tail-wheel aircraft. The proportion of FAA rule violation-related mishaps by airline pilots was >2X (7 vs. 3%) that for PPL-IFR airmen. Moreover, airline pilots showed a disproportionate (χ² p = 0.021) count of flights below legal minimum altitudes. Not performing an official preflight weather briefing or intentionally operating in instrument conditions without an IFR flight plan represented 43% of airline pilot accidents involving FAA rule infractions. Conclusions: These findings inform safety deficiencies for: (a) airline pilots, landing/ground operations in tail-wheel aircraft and lack of 14CFR 91 familiarization regulations regarding minimum operating altitudes and (b) PPL-IFR airmen in-flight loss-of-control and poor landing speed management. Practical Applications: For PPL-IFR airmen, training/recurrency should focus on unusual attitude recovery and managing approach speeds. Airline pilots should seek additional instructional time regarding landing tail-wheel aircraft and become familiar with 14CFR 91 rules covering minimum altitudes.