某型航空包装箱加速试验方法研究

目的激发航空包装箱使用寿命内的潜在薄弱环节。方法基于寿命期剖面和故障机理分析,采用时间压缩、事件压缩和加速应力的加速方法,设计一种综合考虑湿热、随机振动、叉运、人工拆装、冲击和跌落的多应力加速试验方法。结果该试验将模拟包装箱16年使用寿命的试验时间加速至96天,有效地激发了产品金属紧固件锈蚀、结构件部分损坏等潜在故障,进而通过改进措施提升了包装箱的可靠性水平。结论该方法用于多应力加速试验合理可行。     

我国生态环境补偿机制的完善与可持续发展关系探讨

阐述了我国生态环境价值被低估甚至缺失的状况。分析了我国生态环境价值被低估的表现及生态环境补偿机制的完善与可持续发展的关系。指出政府亟需通过适当的制度安排，从建立健全生态环境的经济补偿机制、经济赔偿机制、经济处罚机制．经济激励机制．加大财政转移支付中生态补偿的力度，积极探索市场化生态环境补偿模式，建立资源环境价值评价体系，建立生态环境保护标准体系等方面，完善生态环境补偿机制，为可持续发展提供重要的制度保障。     

可持续发展与累积影响评价

阐述可持续发展概念与内涵，分析可持续发展要求下传统环境影响评价制度的弊端。累积影响评价在概念、目标与方法上与可持续发展一致，探讨了累积影响评价的特点与必要性。     

金佛山岩溶生态环境特征及可持续发展策略研究

重庆金佛山岩溶生态环境是在独特的地质、气候、水文、土壤、生物等自然条件和人为条件的交互作用下形成。本文分析了金佛山岩溶生态环境的基本特征和存在的典型岩溶环境问题，以既有理论成果为依据，对今后金佛山的保护和开发提出了可持续发展策略。     

沈阳城市可持续发展水平的生态足迹分析

城市地域的可持续发展必须以生态的可持续发展为前提,而生态足迹计算模型可以通过比较人类对生态环境的影响程度与区域生态承栽力之间的平衡程度来衡量的生态可持续发展状态。本文在介绍生态足迹的理论和计算模型的基础之上,对沈阳市2002年的生态可持续发展状态进行了实例计算和分析,结果表明沈阳市2002年的人均生态赤字为1．21hm^2,其城市生态处于非可持续发展状态,城市发展正以消耗自身生态资源和转移生态压力作为代价。     

基于超效率SBM模型的航空企业碳排放效率研究

为识别航空企业碳排放管控水平,采用超效率SBM模型和GML指数模型,研究我国6家航空企业2011—2019年的碳排放效率及其动态变化,并构建面板回归模型探究航空企业碳排放效率的影响因素。结果表明：我国航空企业的碳排放效率在样本年间呈现先下降后上升的“U”形变化趋势;相较于2016年,2019年行业碳排放效率增长6.38%,企业碳排放控制水平有明显提高。碳排放效率变化方面,技术进步与碳排放生产率指数呈现出同方向变化,是碳排放效率提升的主要驱动力;不同企业碳排放效率变化存在较大差异。影响因素方面,客座利用率和燃油成本规制对航空企业碳排放效率有显著的正向影响,当客座利用率和燃油成本规制分别提升1%,碳排放效率分别提升1.524%和0.166%;环境规制对碳排放效率的提升具有积极的影响,现阶段资本结构对碳排放效率具有显著的负向影响,优化企业运营和调整企业资本结构能够在很大程度上促进企业可持续发展。

     

From COVID-19 to Green Recovery with natural capital accounting

The COVID-19 pandemic and related social and economic emergencies induced massive public spending and increased global debt. Economic recovery is now an opportunity to rebuild natural capital alongside financial, physical, social and human capital, for long-term societal benefit. Yet, current decision-making is dominated by economic imperatives and information systems that do not consider society’s dependence on natural capital and the ecosystem services it provides. New international standards for natural capital accounting (NCA) are now available to integrate environmental information into government decision-making. By revealing the effects of policies that influence natural capital, NCA supports identification, implementation and monitoring of Green Recovery pathways, including where environment and economy are most positively interlinked.     

Multiple environmental burdens and neighborhood-related health of city residents

Urban living environments are known to influence human well-being and health; however, little is known about the multidimensionality of different environmental burdens. The aim of this study is to examine the relations between multiple burdens and self-rated health of city residents in Berlin. A spatial analysis was conducted to determine neighborhood street blocks with high versus low levels of three environmental burdens (traffic noise, air pollution, lack of public green space) as study sites for a cross-sectional household questionnaire. Burden level served as a dichotomous predictor to compare residents' self-reports of neighborhood satisfaction, life satisfaction, health behavior, and psychological and physical health symptoms. Residents from high-burden blocks appraised the environmental conditions more stressful, reported poorer health behavior and were less satisfied with their neighborhood than residents from low-burden blocks. However, they did not differ in regard to more general health symptoms. Three other burdens (behavior-related noise, litter and dirt in public space, lack of urban vegetation), which could not be varied objectively, were assessed by their perceived intensity. Regression analyses of the relations between the perceived levels of all six burdens and outcomes in the total sample revealed the following: Neighborhood satisfaction could be predicted from multiple stressors and resources that co-occur independently, while more general health symptoms were related only to perceived air pollution. The results have implications for both urban planning and public health.     

Public policy, private landholders: perspectives on policy mechanisms for sustainable land management

A variety of tools can be employed in support of environmental policy objectives, but achieving preferred outcomes also requires the cooperation of private landholders and others with vested interests in the land. The Land Stewardship project in the state of Victoria, Australia, is an initiative devoted to exploring the ways in which private landholders could be encouraged towards more sustainable land management. Following the view that the success of policy initiatives is contingent on effective stakeholder engagement, a component of the Land Stewardship project involved a dialogue with landholders about policy tools (e.g., regulation, economic instruments) that might be deployed to encourage improved land management practices. This paper provides an account of the views and attitudes of landholders, as revealed in a series of three workshops, which consisted of discussions about the factors influencing agriculture, participants' interpretations of sustainability, and policy methods. The focus of the paper is on what landholders believe to be the strengths and limitations of standard policy tools, and the essential requirements for these tools to deliver the best land management outcomes. One of the main findings of the project was a 'preference hierarchy' in respect of policy methods, according to which the strongest support was expressed for voluntary and education-based tools, followed by market-based instruments, with command-and-control regulation identified as a measure of 'last resort'. In the paper we reflect also on how the views and outlook of landholders should be positioned relative to other inputs in the design of policy interventions.