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991.
We evaluate a proposal to double sockeye salmon production from the Fraser River and conclude that significant changes will
be required to current management processes, particularly the way available catch is allocated, if the plan is to be consistent
with five major principles embodied in the concept of sustainable development. Doubling sockeye salmon production will not,
in itself, increase economic equity either regionally or globally. Developing nations may actually be hindered in their attempts
to institute other, nonsalmon fisheries in the North Pacific Ocean as a result of the possible interception of salmon. Further,
other users of the Fraser River basin will have to forgo opportunities so that salmon habitat can be conserved. If doubling
sockeye salmon production is to meet the goal of doing more with less, it will be necessary to develop more efficient technologies
to harvest the fish. If increasing salmon production is to reflect the integration of environmental and economic decision
making at the highest level, then a serious attempt must be made to incorporate environmental assets into national economic
accounting. Finally, to promote biodiversity and cultural self-sufficiency within the Fraser River basin, it will be important
to safeguard the small, less-productive salmon stocks as well as the large ones and to allocate a substantial portion of the
increased production to the Native Indian community. 相似文献
992.
Michael J. Hilton 《Environmental management》1994,18(6):815-829
The purpose of New Zealand's Resource Management Act (1991) is to promote the sustainable management of natural and physical
resources. Coastal sand mining may be consistent with this purpose where: (1) extractions occur from sediment systems open
to inputs of sediment, and the volumes extracted do not limit the natural development, physical characteristics, and ecological
diversity of the coastal environments affected; or (2) extractions from palimpsest or relict sedimentary deposits occur at
a rate where the rate of extraction is insignificant compared with the volume of the resource.
The response of coastal sand mining companies and consent-granting authorities to the requirements of the Resource Management
Act (1991) are examined with respect to recent applications to mine sand from a coastal sand body in the Hauraki Gulf, New
Zealand. The assessments of environmental effects (AEE) submitted in support of these applications do not establish the sustainability
of the sand mining operations. Specifically they do not define the dimensions of the active sediment system, quantify the
volume of the related resource, or state the period within which sustainability is achievable. Further, the AEE do not consider
the cumulative effects of the extractions, either in terms of the total volume of sand mined or the cumulative effects of
different anthropogenic activities.
The test of sustainability demands a quality of information and understanding of coastal systems that is well beyond that
obtained in the past or accepted at present. There is a clear need for New Zealand's resource management legislation to be
supplemented by technical guidelines that help ensure the test of sustainability is rigorously applied. 相似文献
993.
Ola Busari 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(6):943-957
The Limpopo River Basin is underlain by an alluvial aquifer along the main river stem and fractured water-bearing units in
tributary catchments. Notwithstanding that development priorities in parts of the basin in South Africa have historically
preferred surface water sources for irrigation and domestic supply, water resources auditing suggests that groundwater presents
the only viable alternative source of cost-effective supply to meet future requirements. However, while aquifer yields are
favourable in places, averaging 16.7 l/s for main-stem alluvium, groundwater is already extensively used. Between 1995 and
2002, total groundwater use in the area rose by almost 40%, increasing from 98 to 136 million m3 per year. In all catchments, groundwater use grew by varying proportions, reaching a rather high 200% in the Mogalakwena
catchment. In the particular case of commercial irrigation, over-exploitation of groundwater has been recorded in a number
of places, especially in the northwest where drawdowns of more than 50 m have resulted from decades of intense agricultural
water use. Although groundwater use for mining is still low at 4% of total usage in the study area, the region is currently
witnessing a surge in mining operations, and a significant growth in water requirements is envisaged for mining development.
Further, domestic water supply to the predominantly rural dwellers in the area is relatively low, even in terms of meeting
the basic need of 25 l/day per person, underscoring the fact that groundwater will remain a critical source of community drinking
water in the foreseeable future.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
994.
In recent years the UK has positioned itself to become a global leader in addressing climate change. Along with this positioning, there has been an increasing emphasis on the role of communities to facilitate, increase and sustain carbon reduction practices. Previous research into community-based carbon reduction projects has highlighted the difficulty of engaging the public in community initiatives and sustaining pro-environmental behaviours. The importance placed on addressing climate change necessitates an understanding of how individuals respond to, and engage with, (or even ignore) community-based carbon reduction strategies. The paper presents findings from focus groups in three urban communities and investigates individual engagements with community-based carbon reduction strategies. Focusing on the three dimensions of engagement: cognitive; affective and; behavioural, the paper discusses what people know, feel and do about addressing climate change at the community level. An “information-vacuum” is reported that leads to an “awareness-involvement gap” that inhibits sustained engagement with community projects. Drawing on these findings, the paper advances a new theoretical framework and a “what works” approach for community-based initiatives attempting to meaningfully engage the public with addressing climate change and sustainable living. 相似文献
995.
Waste management for a sustainable society 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
996.
Kostas Bithas 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(3):373-390
The operational designing of Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development (ESED) emerges as an urgent and demanding task.
Even though ESED has paved the way for thought-provoking and constructive scientific dialogue, appeal for designing an operational
ESED is still lagging behind the needs of contemporary societies, leaving much to be desired. With this in mind, the present
paper will aim at delineating principles for the operational application of ESED. First, the preservation of crucial properties
of environmental functions and ecosystems, emerges as a prime condition of ESED. The second condition concerns the provision
of the economic process with sufficient natural inputs; in this context, the paper intends to trace certain operational tenets
governing the use of natural resources. Finally, the appropriate institutional settings for the operational design of ESED
are traced.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue 相似文献
997.
Policymakers today are faced with a difficult task of planning for large scale infrastructure that can cater to the climatic and socio-economic changes that the future will bring. To address the deeply uncertain nature resulting from long-term changes, it is becoming necessary to develop strategies that support flexibility and react more strategically than traditional planning approaches. This paper applies the concept of adaptation tipping points and adaptation pathways to a case study in Singapore for the planning of long-term urban drainage infrastructure. Using conventional grey and sustainable green solutions in isolation and in combination, adaptation pathway maps are developed and compared across outlined climatic and landuse scenarios. To understand and justify if the imparted flexibility is worth its cost, economic assessments are performed. This is a valuable extension of the existing framework, helps to identify the preferred configuration of land use and sub-select adaptation actions that should be implemented at the current time frame. The main finding of this study is that the adaptation pathways map for the sustainable grey landuse scenario economically outperforms those of the other outlined land uses. This provides a valuable insight for policy makers, as it implies that if carefully planned development is undertaken, the requirements of storm water management can be met in a sustainable manner, while simultaneously freeing up land for other purposes. This is especially important in the context of highly dense urban areas such as Singapore, where land is a scare resource. 相似文献
998.
Agricultural soils offer multiple soil functions, which contribute to a range of ecosystem services, and the demand for the primary production function is expected to increase with a growing world population. Other key functions on agricultural land have been identified as water purification, carbon sequestration, habitat biodiversity and nutrient cycling, which all need to be considered for sustainable intensification. All soils perform all functions simultaneously, but the variation in the capacity of soils to supply these functions is reviewed in terms of defined land use types (arable, bio-energy, broadleaf forest, coniferous forest, managed grassland, other grassland and Natura 2000) and extended to include the influence of soil drainage characteristics (well, moderately/imperfect, poor and peat). This latter consideration is particularly important in the European Atlantic pedo-climatic zone; the spatial scale of this review. This review develops a conceptual framework on the multi-functional capacity of soils, termed Functional Land Management, to facilitate the effective design and assessment of agri-environmental policies. A final functional soil matrix is presented as an approach to show the consequential changes to the capacity of the five soil functions associated with land use change on soils with contrasting drainage characteristics. Where policy prioritises the enhancement of particular functions, the matrix indicates the potential trade-offs for individual functions or the overall impact on the multi-functional capacity of soil. The conceptual framework is also applied by land use area in a case study, using the Republic of Ireland as an example, to show how the principle of multi-functional land use planning can be readily implemented. 相似文献
999.
The fisheries of Lake Victoria have undergone a major transformation over the last three decades. The character of the lake has been subject to the influence of many powerful factors including: substantial increases in fishing effort; growing integration into the global fish market; acceleration of anthropogenic activities in the catchment area; demographic change; the influence of adverse shifts in the climate; and introduction of exotic plant and animal species. The task of managing the lake's resources, therefore, has never been more daunting. This article argues that, in most cases, the authorities charged with achieving the goal of sustainable development for the fishery, have failed to address the symptoms—let alone the origins—of the current unsustainable tendencies embedded in the social, economic and political fabric of Lake Victoria's riparian States. It is these factors that directly impinge upon the success of management initiatives for the lake. The article argues that if sustainable development is to be achieved, then stakeholders must act in concert, eliminate unsustainable practices and reprogramme development plans to focus on realistic goals. A possible way forward will be to develop a participatory management system. 相似文献
1000.