公路环境地理信息系统(HEGIS)研究与开发初探

在对公路环境地理信息系统 (HEGIS)进行系统需求分析的基础上 ,描述了利用地理信息系统 (GIS)建立HEGIS的可行性及其研究的主要内容、目的、意义及国内外发展趋势 ,初步探讨HEGIS在环境管理与决策等方面的应用功能研究及其开发技术路线。     

城市级环境信息系统总体方案的研究与开发

在分析我国城市级环境信息现状和需求的基础上,提出了我国城市级环境信息系统的总体方案，系统依靠现有的环境数据和管理软件建立城市环境信息基础数据库，依照数据仓库的组织方式对环境数据重新进行整合，并在此基础上开发出数据查询分析应用和地理信息系统，同时结合城市环保局的办公自动化系统，建立了一个统一的环境信息发布平台，提高了环境信息的共享水平。     

城市大气环境质量的协同评价

根据系统科学思想,在城市大气环境质量（ＡＡＱ）评价中,对＂本质＂与＂异质＂ＡＡＱ等量齐观,并强调污染物的低浓度长时间效应．本文探讨了两者的协同评价方法,利用常规监测资料对５个城市作了实例分析．研究结果与实际情况有较好的一致性．     

混沌在种群动态中的应用

通过对种群数量变化模型和空间格局的分析，结合不稳定系统动力学的混沌现象，对种群动态中存在的混沌进行了粗略的探讨．认为CSR三角形中的S-对策者具有混沌的特点．由于生态场中因子具有混沌性质，及其相互作用过程中的不稳定系统动力学的影响，种群也具有混沌特点．     

PV_1、B.fp在不同水样及温度条件下的灭活动力学

研究了脊髓灰质炎病毒 (Poliovirus1,PV1)、脆弱拟杆菌噬菌体 (bacteriophageinfectingBacteroidesfragilis,B .fp)在不同水样 (自来水、超纯水、闽江水、生活污水和滤膜过滤除菌生活污水 ) ,不同温度 (4℃、2 0℃、35℃ )条件下的灭活动力学 .结果显示 :温度是导致病毒灭活的重要因素 ,温度升高 ,病毒灭活速率加快 .同时 ,某些水质因子也明显影响病毒的灭活 .实验结果还表明 ,在任一灭活实验条件下 ,B .fp的灭活速率都比PV1低 ,表明B .fp是一个更合适的用于指示水体病毒污染程度与灭活效率的指示生物 .图 4表 2参 2 1     

Conserving Slow-Growing, Long-Lived Tree Species: Input from the Demography of a Rare Understory Conifer, Taxus floridana

Abstract:  Although land preservation and promotion of successful regeneration are important conservation actions, their ability to increase population growth rates of slow-growing, long-lived trees is limited. We investigated the demography of Taxus floridana Nutt., a rare understory conifer, in three populations in different ravine forests spanning its entire geographic range along the Apalachicola River Bluffs in northern Florida (U.S.A.). We examined spatial and temporal patterns in demographic parameters and projected population growth rates by using four years of data on the recruitment and survival of seedlings and established stems, and on diameter growth from cross-sections of dead stems. All populations experienced a roughly 10-fold increase in seedling recruitment in 1996 compared with other years. The fates of seedlings and stems between 8 and 16 mm differed among populations. The fates of stems in two other size classes (the 2- to 4-mm class and the 4- to 8-mm class) differed among both populations and years. Individual stems in all populations exhibited similarly slow growth rates. Stochastic matrix models projected declines in all populations. Stochastic matrix analysis revealed the high elasticity of a measure of stochastic population growth rate to perturbations in the stasis of large reproductive stems for all populations. Additional analyses also indicated that occasional episodes of high recruitment do not greatly affect population growth rates. Conservation efforts directed at long-lived, slow-growing rare plants like Taxus floridana should both protect established reproductive individuals and further enhance survival of individuals in other life-history stages, such as juveniles, that often do not appear to contribute greatly to population growth rates.     

Super-individuals a simple solution for modelling large populations on an individual basis

Modelling populations on an individual-by-individual basis has proven to be a fruitful approach. Many complex patterns that are observed on the population level have been shown to arise from simple interactions between individuals. However, a major problem with these models is that the typically large number of individuals needed requires impractically large computation times. The common solution, reduction of the number of individuals in the model, can lead to loss of variation, irregular dynamics, and large sensitivity to the value of random generator seeds. As a solution to these problems, we propose to add an extra variable feature to each model individual, namely the number of real individuals it actually represents. This approach allows zooming from a real individual-by-individual model to a cohort representation or ultimately an all-animals-are-equal view without changing the model formulation. Therefore, the super-individual concept offers easy possibilities to check whether the observed behaviour is an artifact of following a limited number of individuals or of lumping individuals, and also to verify whether individual variability is indeed an essential ingredient for the observed behaviour. In addition the approach offers arbitrarily large computational advantages. As an example the super-individual approach is applied to a generic model of the dynamics of a size-distributed consumer cohort as well as to an elaborate applied simulation model of the recruitment of striped bass.     

GIS在环境保护中的应用现状与发展

结合国内外地理信息系统(GIS)在环境保护研究工作中的介入情况，阐述了GIS在环境保护领域的应用现状，并探讨了GIS在此领域应用的未来发展趋势。     

Artificial indoor streams as a method to investigate the impact of chemicals on lotic communities

The potential hazard of chemicals on aquatic communities are generally evaluated by standardised single-species bioassays. Safety assessment is based on results gained from organisms adapted to lentic systems and biological interactions in ecosystems are neglected. While lotic communities are often at first in contact with chemicals, it is astonishing that microcosms with lentic communities are mainly used as a bridge between laboratory bioassays and outdoor aquatic systems. Hence, we established five artificial indoor streams to simulate abiotic factors of small rivers. The closed-circuit system was filled with nutrients added to tap water. Washed pebbles were used as sediment. The dynamics of a simple biocoenoses consisting of aufwuchs, Lumbriculus variegatus Asellus aquaticus and Gammarus fossarum was investigated. The dynamic of aufwuchs and periphyton was determined as dry weight and chlorophyll-a, respectively and qualitatively by pigment pattern. The abundance of different developmental stages of L. variegatus was determined at the end of the experiment as well as the population dynamics of G. fossarum and A. aquaticus. Survival rates of gammarids and juveniles per female were investigated and data were used for modelling the population dynamics. The experiment was carried out to investigate the performance of the established artificial streams and the developed approaches to investigate effects of chemicals on a basic lotic community. The prime reason to establish this approach was to close a gap between complex artificial stream systems and laboratory single species tests to assess the impact of chemicals on the aquatic environment.     

Assessing the Leakage Rates from Punctured Submerged Vessels

The leakage of fluid leaving a puncture in a pressurized vessel immersed in a quiescent, miscible medium is studied under steady flow conditions. This problem has engineering applications in submerged pipelines and hazardous gas lines. The leakage rate for the puncture is characterized as functions of various hydrodynamic and geometric conditions. Dimensional analysis shows that the leakage percent, Q*, is a function of the Reynolds number, the pressure ratio between the center of the tube and the external hydrostatic pressure, P^*, and the hole-to-main tube diameter ratio, D^*. The effect of puncture shape is also examined, rectangular and circular. A 3-D finite volume computational model is constructed for laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid under steady conditions and validated with supporting experiments. The results show that the fractional leakage rate Q* increases with P^* and approaches a constant value at high P^* for a fixed Reynolds number. In addition, it is found that the leakage rate increases with decreasing Reynolds number at a fixed pressure ratio. The geometric effect of the diameter ratio is shown to have a more pronounced effect near a pressure ratio of two with more fluid exiting the puncture for larger diameter ratios. The results of the shape analysis show that the circular puncture has the largest fractional leakage when compared to a rectangle with an equivalent cross-sectional area.