罗尔斯顿菌(Ralstonia sp.)T6对三氯吡啶醇污染土壤的修复及能完全矿化毒死蜱工程菌株的构建

以毒死蜱降解中间代谢产物3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(TCP)高效降解菌罗尔斯顿菌(Ralstonia sp.)T6为材料,研究其在土壤中对TCP的降解特性。结果表明,温度、接菌量和初始底物浓度对TCP的降解都有影响,T6菌株降解TCP的最适温度为30℃,当土壤含菌量〔以菌落形成单位(CFU)计〕小于10×108kg-1时,降解率随着含菌量的增加而提高,当含菌量超过10×108kg-1时,降解率不再提高。降解率随着TCP初始浓度的增加而降低,当TCP初始浓度为50~100 mg·kg-1时,6 d内可将50 mg·kg-1TCP降解80%。利用基因工程手段,将来源于寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas sp.)DSP-1的甲基对硫磷水解酶基因(mpd)插入菌株T6基因组16S rRNA基因中,成功构建一株可彻底矿化毒死蜱的重组工程菌株T6-mpd。生长试验结果表明罗尔斯顿菌T6-mpd和T6的生长特性基本一致。对T6-mpd菌株降解毒死蜱的特性研究结果表明,在LB培养基中,T6-mpd对毒死蜱的水解效率与DSP-1基本一致,但在基础盐(MSM)培养基中,T6-mpd在60 h内对50 mg·L-1毒死蜱的降解率仅为36%,显著低于DSP-1。模拟土壤原位修复试验结果表明,在含菌量为108kg-1条件下,T6-mpd在2 d内可将50mg·kg-1毒死蜱降解64%。认为T6-mpd菌株在毒死蜱残留污染环境修复中具有潜在的应用前景。     

三通管支管位置对爆炸火焰传播影响分析*

为研究分支管道位置对丙烷爆炸火焰传播的影响规律,通过多组数值模拟与已有实验数据对比,分析不同工况下三通管内火焰传播形态变化特征及温度变化。结果表明:向右传播的爆炸气流在支管左侧形成湍流旋涡,火焰受到拖拽及壁面制约,贴支管右侧壁面呈尖刀状传播;封闭管道中,火焰传播受主管道高速前驱压力波回波影响更显著,垂直支管中火焰与高温风险更大;实验支管位置距离点火源5.6 m时岔口处监测点温度高达2 214.08 K,支管位置增加至5.71 m时,支管处湍流旋涡拖拽火焰,使火焰出现中断,支管移至5.825 m后高温火焰无法传播至支管口,支管中的爆炸风险显著降低。研究结果为工业生产三通管支管位置的选择和支管内二次爆炸风险预测提供科学参考。     

Evaluation of the fish short term reproduction assay for detecting endocrine disrupters

In a fish testing strategy, positive results of the fish short term reproduction assay (FSTR), often trigger a definitive test like the fish sexual development test (FSDT) or the fish full life cycle test (FFLC), entailing ethical and economic problems. This study analysed 137 studies encompassing 35 chemicals with different modes of actions (MOAs). Variability is quantified for MOA endpoints vitellogenin (VTG) and secondary sex characteristics (SSCs) as well as for apical endpoints. Two MOA endpoints could indicate estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic, anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities. Great variability, however, has been observed for chemicals with anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities, suggesting that TG229/230 may not be sensitive enough to detect these types of chemicals and may produce false negatives. Changes in apical endpoints like fecundity are not limited to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Non-EDCs could induce the similar effects on these apical endpoints. If elucidating MOA is needed, targeted in vitro MOA tests are suggested. Positive in vitro MOA results trigger a definitive test, which could be used for confirmation of the MOA in vivo and for deriving a no observed effect concentration (NOEC). Based on positive MOA results of TG229, a definitive test such as the FSDT or the FFLC is still needed, because the current TG229 has limitation on the derivation of a NOEC. An extended TG229 with more power to detect reproduction effects, as recently proposed in the OECD test guideline program, would improve the possibility to derive a NOEC and increase its usefulness in risk assessment.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌的筛选、生长特性及其橡胶再生研究

从大西洋底死火山口土壤中筛选出一株硫杆菌,经16S rDNA鉴定为氧化亚铁硫杆菌。研究了初始底物Fe2+浓度,初始pH,接种量对其生长的影响,确定了其最佳的生长的条件:在30℃、170 r/min条件下,最适底物Fe2+浓度为9 g/L,最佳初始pH为2.5,最适接种量为10%(体积分数)。探讨了氧化亚铁硫杆菌对天然硫化橡胶的脱硫再生,橡胶的SEM分析、FTIR图谱及EDS图谱研究表明氧化亚铁硫杆菌对硫化胶粉的硫交联键有断裂或转化作用,脱硫率达52.6%,氧化亚铁硫杆菌对天然橡胶具有一定的再生作用。     

Nitrification/denitrification in an intermittent aeration process for swine wastewater

Abstract

Nitrogen removal by a methane fermentation plus activated sludge process with the intermittent aeration was presented based upon a full‐scale pig farm experiment. Swine wastewater had a T‐N/BOD ratio from 0.2–0.29. The BOD concentration input to the process ranged from 1050–1608 mg l^‐1 and the T‐N concentration from 273–350 mg l^‐1. More than 90% of organic carbon was removed in each experimental run. Only small concentrations of NO₃‐N were found in the effluent and higher than 60% of the T‐N and 73% of NH₄‐N which were loaded to the intermittent aeration tank was removed. The nitrogen balance of each run was calculated. Denitrification was estimated to be accountable for 45–90% of the T‐N removed in the intermittent aeration tank. Denitrification rate increased as the BOD concentration increased (> 1300 mg l^‐1). The T‐N removal percentage was a function of the T‐N/BOD ratio of the influent. Although higher DO concentration (> 3 mg l^‐1) did not enhance the denitrification rate, nitrification did maintain at relative higher rates at a lower DO concentration (ave. 1.5 mg l^‐1). An operational condition of intermittent interval of aeration/nonaeration at 1:1 hr is better than that of the condition at 3:1 hr. As a result, T‐N and NH4‐N were removed up to 30% and 40% respectively, and the denitrification rate reached 79% in the intermittent aeration tank. An experimental run in a pilot plant on treating anaerobically pretreated swine wastewater was observed to verify simultaneous nitrification/denitrification. The results of the full‐scale plant experimentation seem to be confirmed by those obtained from the pilot plant runs.     

不同质量浓度黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用简

分别采用黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）、狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia L.）和铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）共生培养的实验方法研究了不同质量浓度黄菖蒲、狭叶香蒲对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用。结果表明,黄菖蒲在质量浓度大于10 g/L时对初始密度为1.0×10⁷ ind/mL的铜绿微囊藻具有较好的抑制作用,表现为黄菖蒲质量浓度为10、20和40 g/L时,第15天对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率分别为30.1%、51.8%和84.0%;狭叶香蒲在质量浓度大于20 g/L时对铜绿微囊藻有明显的抑制作用,表现为狭叶香蒲质量浓度为20 g/L和40 g/L时,第15天对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率分别为34.2%和77.7%,实验过程中,铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a含量逐渐减少,而藻密度、SOD活性及MDA含量先增加后逐渐降低,表明经过一段时间持续地化感胁迫,黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲可以诱导铜绿微囊藻产生氧化胁迫,导致细胞结构严重损伤和叶绿素大量分解,从而强烈抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长。     

3种生物处理方式对污泥减量效果的比较及优化

通过间歇试验得到3种生物方式(污泥好氧消化、厌氧消化以及颤蚓摄食)对污泥的比减量速率、污泥减量速率和污泥减量比例.当初始污泥浓度为2 500mg·L^-1时,经过24h减量,颤蚓摄食、厌氧消化和好氧消化3种方式对污泥的比减量速率R分别为0.13 mg·(mg·d)^-1,0.09 mg·(mg·d)^-1和0.03 mg·(mg·d)^-1,对污泥的减量速率分别为315 mg·(L·d)^-1,263mg·(L·d)^-1和65 mg·(L·d)^-1.通过细菌荧光染色和脱氢酶活性检测证实颤蚓摄食在短时间内对污泥中细菌细胞膜的破坏程度最大,可以将颤蚓摄食和厌氧消化相组合强化对污泥的减量.对于初始浓度为2 500mg·L^-1的污泥,颤蚓摄食12h后再厌氧消化36h,可以在2d左右使污泥减量的比例达到30%,减量比速率为0.25 mg·(mg·d)^-1.当初始污泥浓度增加到4 240mg·L^-1,颤蚓摄食时间需要延长到24h方能保证组合工艺对污泥最大程度地减量.     

国内典型城市降雨径流初期累积特征分析

提出以携带50%污染物负荷的径流定义初期雨水,选取累积50%污染物负荷的历时(T50)及对应累积径流深度(D50)两个参数,总结分析典型山地城市、平原城市、河网城市等6个城市17场降雨径流污染物累积特征.进一步以山地城市和平原城市为例,探讨了不同降雨强度、区域环境径流污染物累积特征及相互影响.结果表明,径流污染物累积趋势完全一致但特征不同,山地城市、河网城市、高原城市和河口城市表现为初期累积,平原城市则表现为中期累积.随着雨强增大,污染物D50骤增,T50锐减.相比平原城市,山地城市不同类型污染物D50更大、T50更小,山地城市和平原城市分别截留初期7.4mm和5.2mm径流可以控制50%污染物负荷.     

GB/T 28001-2011新版标准核心要素的理解

GB/T 28000《职业健康安全管理体系》系列标准于2012年开始正式实施,新版标准中对术语、定义和核心要素内容进行了大量的修订,正确地理解和贯彻标准核心要素是应用标准进行企业职业健康安全管理的根本所在,对预防和降低风险,确保职业健康安全管理体系的有效运行有着十分重要的意义.为使组织满足新版标准要求,本文对GB/T 28001-2011《职业健康安全管理体系要求》中核心要素——4.3.1危险源辨识、风险评价和控制措施的确定在内容上进行对比分析,并结合作者在实际工作中的案例和相关的法律法规和其他要求进行阐述,在此基础上对4.3.1要素进行理解,可以使组织对新标准的掌握和应用达到事半功倍的效果.     

影响悬浮颗粒物吸收系数测量的相关因素研究

水体悬浮颗粒物吸收系数是水色遥感研究中的关键参数之一,为研究不同因素对吸收系数测量结果的影响,分别采用透射法(T法)、透射反射法(T-R法)和吸收法(A法)测量颗粒物吸收系数.结果表明,A法在测量悬浮颗粒物吸收系数时受滤膜差异性、滤膜含水量以及滤膜颗粒物分布不均匀等因素的影响较小,测量精度较高.对不同测量方法的光程放大因子的研究结果表明,不同测量方法,不同颗粒物富集量会有不同的光程放大因子.采用线性拟合的方法求得A法、T法和T-R法的平均光程放大因子为4.01、2.32和2.20,相关系数分别为0.90、0.80和0.87.对于A法和T-R法,采用二次多项式拟合的方法计算光程放大因子可以提高测量精度,相关系数分别为0.95和0.94.对比各影响因素对测量结果造成的平均相对误差发现,光程放大因子是颗粒物吸收系数测量最大的误差来源.