基于g23基因的武汉东湖T4类浮游病毒遗传多样性

选取武汉东湖的2个子湖——郭郑湖和庙湖,分别在冬季和夏季采样,对T4类浮游病毒的g23基因进行PCR扩增,经连接转化后,随机挑选克隆子进行测序.结果表明,共得到46条有效序列,根据系统发育分析发现其明显分为6个组,显示出较高的多样性且具有明显的时空差异,说明富营养化水平的差异和季节变化将对浮游病毒的种群结构产生影响.仅部分g23序列与海洋T4类浮游病毒同源性较高,另一部分序列则可能代表了淡水富营养化水体中特有的浮游病毒类群.人为干扰会明显影响某些淡水水体中T4类浮游病毒的遗传多样性.     

土壤环境中2株典型非离子表面活性剂降解菌的应用效果

采用室内培养法研究菌株B35和T100对土壤微生物区系及非离子表面活性剂(Brij35和TX-100)降解的影响.结果表明,非离子表面活性剂对土壤中的部分微生物有一定的毒害作用,抑制了细菌和放线菌的生长,且TX-100的毒害作用强于Brij35.另外,菌株B35和T100对土壤中非离子表面活性剂Brij35和TX-100有强降解作用,经菌株B35处理后,茶园土和菜园土中的非离子表面活性剂Brij35的降解率分别为67.26%～72.55%和67.86%～82.55%;经菌株T100处理后,茶园土和菜园土中的非离子表面活性剂TX-100的降解率分别为66.02%～70.04%和72.02%～72.27%.微生物活度与有机质含量和毒性物质密切相关.立即接种降解菌的降解作用弱于缓后接种.      

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对河口底泥中重金属的淋滤效果

从天津某铁厂附近排污河的酸性底泥中成功分离出氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌株,对其形态特征和DNA序列进行了鉴定。运用生物淋滤技术对河口底泥中重金属进行了淋滤实验研究。结果表明,氧化亚铁硫杆菌能够较快速启动生物淋滤,且接种该菌株进行底泥生物淋滤可有效溶出底泥中重金属。最佳淋滤条件为:Fe SO4·7H2O添加量为7 g/L,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的接种量为15%,硫粉添加量为3 g/L,污泥浓度为10%,温度为30℃和硫粉为3 g/L。在最佳淋滤条件下,底泥中Cu、Zn和Hg的去除率分别达到80.6%、63.9%和82.5%。     

The role of the European commission in the maintenance of air quality standards

We describe intercomparison results obtained in the framework of the EC Directive 799/80 CEE on SO₂, Black Smoke (BS) and Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) using standard reference materials. Calibrations and measuring methods used in national laboratories were compared to the reference methods laid down in the Directive. For SO₂, the deviations were caused by inappropriate handling of the calibration rather than by possible shortcomings of the different methods themselves. In contrast, for BS, largest deviations were caused by differences in configurations of filter/reflectometer and of the conversion curves; for TSP by varying the type of filters and conditioning procedures before weighing.     

近年来北京市耕地多功能演变及其关联性

论文将北京市耕地作为一个整体,构建了北京市耕地多功能评价指标体系,基于2004-2011年统计数据,运用极差标准化法统一数据单位,分析了耕地多种功能的演变;运用改进的灰色T关联度分析了耕地各功能之间的关联性。结果表明：①2004-2011年北京市冬小麦、玉米和花卉生产功能显著增强,蔬菜和饲料生产功能显著减弱;生态环境功能用逆向指标表示且各指标变化不一,公路密度和农用塑料薄膜强度显著上升,农药强度波动下降,化肥强度波动上升。②耕地文化休闲功能显著增强;就业保障功能和生活保障功能显著减弱,粮食安全保障功能处于波动状态。③2004-2011年北京市耕地冬小麦生产功能和人均粮食保证率发展趋势最相近,其次为饲料生产功能与种植业从业人数比例。④农村劳动力机会成本越大,省工性作物可能具有更强的竞争力;耕地文化休闲功能和玉米生产功能越强,种植业从业人数比例越小;农民来自农业的收入比例越小,增产性投入越多。     

基于核磁共振技术不同煤样吸附CH4实验研究

为研究CH4在高、中、低阶3种煤样(无烟煤、焦煤、长焰煤)中的吸附特性及分布规律,采用低场核磁共振技术在不同吸附时间、不同压力条件下分别进行不同煤样的吸附甲烷实验.从微观上分析时间效应、变质效应、压力效应对煤吸附CH4的影响规律及甲烷在煤上各个孔径阶段分布变化.结果表明:随着吸附时间的增大,3种煤样的吸附态T2谱振幅积...     

HB6783、GB/T5170在温湿度试验箱性能指标验收中的应用

本文简要介绍了环境与可靠性试验领域试验设备系列检定标准HB 6783、GB/T 5170。以本单位某型温湿度试验箱验收为例,详细介绍了HB 6783、GB/T 5170系列温湿度试验设备检定/检验标准在温湿度试验箱性能指标验收中的应用,通过对比应用总结,指出综合比较不同检定标准中温湿度性能指标的检定项目、方法,结合本单位产品试验需求应用,是制定温湿度试验箱性能指标验收方法的最佳途径。     

蜂窝电话用锂离子电池的环境试验

国家标准GB/T18287-2000《蜂窝电话用锂离子电池总规范》中明确规定了锂离子电池的20℃常温,高温,恒定湿热性能,震动,碰撞,自由跌落等环境试验的具体方法及环境试验后的放电性能测试方法。     

Eutrophication of Lake Tasaul,Romania—proposals for rehabilitation

Background, aim, and scope  The reclamation of nonferrous metal-polluted soil by phytoremediation requires an overall and permanent plant cover. To select the most suitable plant species, it is necessary to study metal effects on plants over the time, thereby checking that metals remain stored in root systems and not transferred to aerial parts. In this purpose, the seasonal and annual variations of metal bioaccumulation, transfer, and phytotoxicity in Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne grown in a Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soil were also studied. Materials and methods  The experimental site was located near a closed smelter. In spring 2004, two areas were sown with T. repens and L. perenne, respectively. Thereafter, the samplings of plant roots and shoots and surrounding soils were realized in autumn 2004 and spring and autumn 2005. The soil agronomic characteristics, the Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the surrounded soils and plant organs, as well as the oxidative alterations (superoxide dismutase [SOD], malondialdehyde [MDA], and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG]) in plant organs were carried out. Results  Whatever the sampling period, metal concentrations in soils and plants were higher than background values. Contrary to the soils, the fluctuations of metal concentrations were observed in plant organs over the time. Bioaccumulation and transfer factors confirmed that metals were preferentially accumulated in the roots as follows: Cd>Zn>Pb, and their transfer to shoots was limited. Foliar metal deposition was also observed. The results showed that there were seasonal and annual variations of metal accumulation in the two studied plant species. These variations differed according to the organs and followed nearly the same pattern for the two species. Oxidative alterations were observed in plant organs with regard to SOD antioxidant activities, MDA, and 8-OHdG concentrations. These alterations vary according to the temporal variations of metal concentrations. Discussion  Metal concentrations in surrounded soils and plant organs showed the effective contamination by industrial dust emissions. Metals absorbed by plants were mainly stored in the roots. With regard to this storage, the plants seemed to limit the metal transfer to their aerial parts over the time, thereby indicating their availability for metal phytostabilization. Aerial deposition was another source of plant exposure to nonferrous metals. Despite the occurrence of metal-induced oxidative alterations in plant organs, both plant species seemed to tolerate a high metal concentration in soils. Conclusions  Taken together, these results indicated that T. repens and L. perenne were able to form a plant cover on highly Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-polluted soils, to limit the metal transfer to their aerial parts and were relatively metal-tolerant. All these characteristics made them suitable for phytostabilization on metal-contaminated soils. These findings also highlighted the necessity to take into account seasonal and annual variations for a future phytomanagement. Recommendations and perspectives  In this work, the behavior of plant species grown in metal-polluted soil has been studied during 2 years. Obviously, this time is too short to ensure that metals remain accumulated in the root system and few are transferred in aerial parts over the time. It is why regular monitoring should be achieved during more than a decade after the settlement of the plant cover. This work will be completed by the study of the T. repens and L. perenne effects on mobility of metals in order to evaluate the quantities of pollutants which could be absorbed by the biota and transferred to groundwater. Bioaccessibility tests could be also realized on polluted soils in order to evaluate the phytostabilization impacts on the exposition risks for humans.     

Effect of in vitro administered 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on DNA-binding activities of nuclear transcription factors in NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts

Abstract

Most modern pesticides are expensive. Application of excessive dosage rates is likely to cause undesirable biological side‐effects and is economically wasteful. Non‐uniform distribution of the spray cloud, or application at the wrong time, may result in failure to control the pest. It is the responsibility of the field operator to acquire sufficient knowledge and skill to ensure proper use of the control agents, to increase efficiency of their usage and to reduce unwanted side‐effects. To achieve this goal, he must take into consideration the various physical factors that govern field performance of pesticides.

A simple relationship exists between the spray volume and emission rate used, and droplet size produced. The use of extremely low spray volumes (i.e., those less than 2.0 litre per ha) for forest insect control in Canada, as opposed to higher volumes used in agriculture, necessitates the release of fine droplets (ranging from 20 to 70 μm in diameter) to obtain adequate coverage of the target area. These droplets take a long time to sediment downwards, evaporate in‐flight, become smaller in size and/or form powdery residues, thus contributing to off‐target drift and impaired droplet adhesion to target surfaces. Physical factors such as rain washing, degradation by sunlight and erosion by wind also influence the longevity of pesticide deposits on foliage which is crucial during the critical period of pest control.

Factors affecting the mode of entry into insects are related to the type of ingredients used in formulation. If a pesticide acts via crawling contact, formulations which would provide surface deposits would be more beneficial than emulsions or oil‐based mixes which tend to undergo penetration into foliar cuticle. Physical factors that affect field performance of a pesticide tank mix are related to phase separation and ‘breakdown of emulsions’ in the application equipment; ‘agglomeration and caking’ of wettable powder dispersions at the bottom of the tank; impaired flow behaviour of highly viscous formulations; and coarse atomization of high‐viscosity tank mixes leading to poor target cover.