某农药生产场地中特征POPs的环境风险研究

用钻探采样和布设地下水监测井的方法,监测了华东某农药厂DDTs生产场地土壤中DDTs和HCHs等POPs类有机污染物. 结果表明,场地特征污染物DDTs和HCHs是土壤污染健康风险的最主要来源. DDTs的风险普遍高于HCHs,DDTs致癌风险最高可达5.4×10-3,非致癌危害商可达130;HCHs致癌风险最高可达4.3×10-4. 三氯杀螨醇车间土壤中DDTs风险高于DDTs车间. DDTs车间的前3层遭受DDTs污染面积较大, 其区域基本涵盖了HCHs污染范围;第4～6层也有约一半的区域遭受DDTs污染,但HCHs的污染已处于风险可以接受的水平. 三氯杀螨醇车间的前3层普遍受到DDTs和HCHs较严重的污染,面积几乎涵盖了整个车间区域.      

土著微生物原位修复石油污染土壤试验研究

利用当地土著微生物优势菌群,辅以物理和化学的方法,结合当地地质微环境特点,开展了陕北某油井旁的石油污染黄土土壤修复研究。设置两个试验区、一个空白区和一个对照区,在两个试验区中分别加入3%的土著优势菌群制剂,选择优化出的土著菌群经鉴定,主要有：假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、微球菌属（Micrococcus）、放线菌属（Actinomayces）、真菌类的青霉属（Penicillium）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）等。试验结果显示：土著优势菌剂一般需要3-7d的延滞期（lag phase）,然后进入对数期（logarithmic phase）;两个试验区土壤中人为添加石油含量分别为1542、1886mg·kg^-1时,经过11-32d原位土著优势微生物菌剂的修复,土壤中的石油污染物降解率可达69.52%-88.11%,而对照区土壤中人为添加的石油含量变化不大,降解率基本在10%以内,说明在自然条件下土壤中石油降解是缓慢的。谷糠黍糠、麦麸两种添加剂对优化菌液的修复效果的作用基本相同。试验过程中对土壤温度、水分、氧和营养物质等影响因素进行了调控,起到了良好的作用。     

基于环境背景值的重金属污染地块划定——以浙东沿海某典型固体废物拆解区污染土壤为例

通过对浙江东部沿海某典型固体废物拆解区污染土壤的调查与分析,评价了其土壤重金属的污染程度。结果表明,与土壤环境背景值相比,研究区土壤污染较为严重,Cd、Cu中等程度以上污染土壤均在50%以上。在此基础上,重点对重金属污染土壤的划定进行了探讨,提出了适合土地质量差别化管护的污染土壤表达方法。     

碱性缺氧环境下地下水中苯和甲苯的生物降解

在缺氧环境下,不额外加入电子受体和营养盐,从长期受原油污染的包气带介质中分离、培养驯化得到了降解苯或甲苯的3种优势菌群:B-bacteria、T-bacteria和M-bacteria,采用批试验方法研究了高pH环境下3种菌群降解苯和甲苯的速率。结果表明:苯和甲苯的降解符合零级反应动力学,速率常数在0.22～0.68 mg/(L.d)。初始pH从8.7升高到9.6和10.6时,B-bacteria降解苯的速率降低都在10%以内;T-bacteria降解甲苯的速率降低率从pH9.6时的16.22%剧增到pH10.6时的41.23%;而M-bacteria降解苯和甲苯的速率降低从pH9.6时的30%左右增到pH10.6时的45%左右。高pH环境下微生物仍能完全降解苯和甲苯。故设计化学-生物连续反应格栅治理该类污染羽时,在两个单元中间可不构筑pH调节缓冲单元。     

海藻酸钠固定化Fe-Cu双金属去除Cr(Ⅵ)的作用机制

通过运用海藻酸钠(SA)固定化Fe-Cu双金属(SAB)来克服Fe0-PRB利用率低、易板结、堵塞的缺陷.结果表明,SA和Fe-Cu双金属的运用能极大地提高Fe0的利用率,SA的运用可以使Fe-Cu双金属以较低的镀铜量获得较高的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率,SAB镀铜0.9%(SAB0.9)为最佳的填料.FEI电镜扫描结果表明,SA跟2价金属阳离子Ca2+交联形成孔隙结构,为双金属的附着提供了大量的吸附点位,增大了金属颗粒的比表面积;场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)及X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,Cu负载于Fe0表面,呈疏松层状结构,在Fe0与Cr(Ⅵ)反应中起催化剂作用,通过自身化合态变化传递Fe0失去的电子,从而提高了Fe0的利用率.渗透系数实验结果表明,SAB0.9能控制Fe0与Cr(Ⅵ)反应产物的释放,缓解Fe0-PRB易板结、堵塞的缺陷.     

浑河中游1,2-DCA在地下水中运移规律的模拟分析

为研究有机组分在地下水中的运移规律及影响因素,并预测水质的破坏程度,利用数值模拟方法建立浑河中游区域特征有机污染组分1,2-DCA(1,2-二氯乙烷)的溶质运移模型,分析1,2-DCA在浑河中游地下水中的运移规律,并预测了其对地下水水质的影响. 细河与浑河中1,2-DCA的补给浓度(以ρ计)分别为4.50和6.40μg/L,预测期为10a,在运移模型中考虑弥散、吸附、降解作用的影响. 模拟结果显示,预测期内1,2-DCA在细河污染区的最大影响面积为1.80km2,峰值浓度(以ρ计)为3.50μg/L,污染物向北西方向运移;在浑河污染区的最大影响面积为3.78km2,峰值浓度为5.00μg/L,污染物向西南方向运移,表明污染物对地下水水质影响程度较低. 预测初期的200d内,吸附及生物降解的共同作用使细河、浑河污染晕中心的ρ(1,2-DCA)分别下降了0.12、0.10μg/L;随后,对流-弥散作用成为溶质运移的主要驱动力,并且使1,2-DCA的污染程度持续增强;黏土对1,2-DCA的运移具有阻滞作用,1,2-DCA在细河污染晕的扩散幅度略低于浑河.      

Impact of drought on the ecological and chemical status of surface water and on the content of arsenic and fluoride pollutants of groundwater in the province of Salamanca (Western Spain)

The impact of drought on the ecological and chemical status of surface and groundwaters of the River Tormes (River Duero basin, northwestern Iberian Peninsula) was studied to evaluate the evolution of the quality of the river during its passage through the city of Salamanca (Spain). The Water Quality Index (WQI) of the river revealed that the drought period of 2005 did not significantly affect water chemical quality. However, during the study period differences were found in surface water ecological quality, using phytoplankton quality as AN indicator. These differences may be accentuated as a result of regulation of the River Tormes by the Santa Teresa reservoir. Arsenic and fluoride concentrations were measured in water wells, finding higher arsenic concentrations after the drought period and no correlation between the arsenic and fluoride contents. The results are useful for an overall understanding of potential impact of climate change on the ecological and chemical status of water in regional systems.     

Groundwater quality in the major industrial area of Thessaloniki,Greece part 1: Chemical composition‐geochemical processes

Adsorption rates of Sb(V) ions on an activated alumina (AA) were analyzed by batchwise experiments, while the continuous adsorption, desorption, regeneration of AA, and multiple reuse cycles were studied by flow column tests. The adsorption rates increased quickly with the increases of shaking speed and operation temperature. The adsorbed Sb(V) ions were desorbed easily by a 50 mM NaOH solution, and a 41–90 times concentrated Sb(V) solution was yielded correspondingly. AA was effectively regenerated by desorption operation and ca. 93% of the initial adsorption capacity was retained after six times adsorption/desorption cycles.     

Pesticides in the aquatic environment ‐ experiences from Austrian monitoring programmes

The present paper deals with the impact of pesticides on water quality in Austria. Results of different monitoring programmes and surveys concerning the contamination of groundwater and running waters are provided; various aspects of sediment analyses and bioindication are also discussed. The evaluation of the data reveals a rather serious situation particularly in the eastern parts of the country intensively used by agricultural activities. The substances most often detected are triazines and lindane. Legal measures and key figures on the Austrian agriculture are also presented.     

再生水农用区地下水基础环境状况调查与评估方法

对再生水农用区地下水基础环境状况调查与评估的对象、内容和技术进行系统研究,建立了一套再生水农用区地下水基础环境状况调查的评估方法,并将该方法应用于某典型再生水农用区的地下水评估,评价结果基本上客观地反映了该再生水农用区地下水的环境状况及其污染来源和污染程度.该方法具有针对性和可操作性,对于指导全国再生水农用区地下水基础环境状况调查与评估工作具有重要意义.