Relationship between (210)Pb(ex) activity and sedimentary organic carbon in sediments of 3 Chinese lakes

This report demonstrates that organic matter was an important factor in lake sediment ²¹⁰Pb_ex dating. Sediment cores from lakes in central and western China with different-trophic levels were collected, and the ²¹⁰Pb_ex activity and total organic carbon (TOC) were measured. The Rock-Eval pyrolysis technique was used to deconvolute TOC into free hydrocarbons (S1), thermally less-stable macromolecular organic matter (S2a), kerogen (S2b), and residual carbon (RC). The results show significant correlations between TOC and ²¹⁰Pb_ex, particularly between S2a and ²¹⁰Pb_ex, in all the sediment cores. This indicated that the algal-derived organic component S2a may play the most important role in controlling the distribution of ²¹⁰Pb_ex. Scavenging by algal-derived organic matter may be the main mechanism. As chronology is the key to the understanding of pollution reconstruction and early diagenesis in sediments, more attention should be paid to the influence of organic matter on ²¹⁰Pb_ex.     

陕西五曲湾滑坡发育特征和~(14)C测龄

在陕西省凤翔县五曲湾滑坡的滑带土中发现一段树根,表面被炭化,并且发生了强烈的剪切变形,分析认为此乃滑坡滑动所致。经过14C测龄,年龄为462±45年B.P,这一年龄与地质分析获取的认识基本吻合,与1556年"华县大地震"发生的年份非常接近,从而为研究五曲湾滑坡的触发机制提供了重要依据。最后提出,如果在滑带土中发现可用于定年的样品,采用14C法测定滑坡年龄,是对滑坡进行定年的有效途径。     

110℃热释光陷阱光转移现象的数值模拟

在光释光（optically stimulated luminescence,OSL）测年流程中,通常采用预热（180—260℃）来去除低温区不稳定的信号。尽管预热过程中浅陷阱（如110℃陷阱）电子被清空,但在之后的光照过程中由较深陷阱进入导带的电子会再次进入浅陷阱并发生积累,这种现象称为光转移（photo-transfer）。本文以110℃热释光（thermoluminescence,TL）信号的实验数据为基础,模拟了光转移现象,研究了不同实验条件（激发温度、光子通量）和不同动力学参数（110℃ TL陷阱的空间容量、入陷概率、光电离截面）对光转移过程的影响,结果显示：激发温度越高、光子通量越大、110℃ TL陷阱的光电离横截面越大,光转移信号越弱;110℃ TL陷阱的空间容量和入陷概率越大,光转移信号越强。模拟结果揭示了影响光转移程度的因素,加深了对光激发过程中OSL信号产生的物理机制的认识。     

泥河湾盆地于家沟遗址AMS-14C年代学研究及其考古学意义

于家沟遗址作为泥河湾盆地中唯一具有新旧石器工业过渡的典型遗址,为研究东亚旧石器向新石器时代过渡提供了理想的场所。本文通过于家沟遗址剖面沉积物(厚约550 cm)的加速器质谱法(AMS-~(14)C)年代测定,确定了于家沟剖面的年代跨度为16.19?—?2.43 ka BP,其中旧石器向新石器时代的转化时限为9.35 ka BP。该遗址中发现的最早陶器经同层位地层推测,其年代为13.60 ka BP,是目前中国北方发现的最早陶器。陶器的使用可能改善了古人类的生活条件;大量细石器反映出泥河湾盆地中采猎经济高度繁荣。因此,在晚更新世末期气候开始变暖的背景下陶器和细石器的出现一定程度推动了中国北方旧石器时代向新石器时代的转变。     

石英Al心和Ti-Li心电子自旋共振信号测年结果对比：以腾格里沙漠白碱湖地区BJ14钻孔中沉积物为例

早—中更新世沉积年代的确定是第四纪研究领域亟待解决的难题,电子自旋共振（ESR）测年法为该时段沉积物定年提供了可能。但已有的研究发现：石英Ti心和Al心ESR信号完全衰退“回零”或达到较稳定“残留”所需时间较长,因而其可信性备受质疑。本研究选取腾格里沙漠白碱湖地区BJ14钻孔中5个不同深度的沉积物,分别基于其中石英Ti心和Al心信号进行了ESR定年。测年结果显示：（1）2个样品基于Al心ESR信号与基于Ti-Li心ESR信号的测年结果在年龄误差范围内一致,其它3个样品Al心ESR测年结果较Ti-Li心测年结果偏老200—500 ka;（2）与该孔的古地磁测年结果对比表明,石英Ti-Li心ESR测年结果相对可靠。上述研究结果表明石英Ti-Li心的ESR测年结果至少能提供中更新世更为可信的沉积年龄。     

光释光(OSL)测年技术的初步实验研究

提出了基于X射线激发的光释光测年原理，据此进行了初步实验研究。研究表明，利用X射线是可以激发辐射样品使其产生光释光信号的。     

Inverse modeling to estimate LNAPL plume release timing

Methodologies are presented for dating releases of light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) using an inverse modeling approach with simple analytical models. Models for LNAPL plume migration are presented to predict LNAPL plume velocity in the unsaturated and saturated zones as a function of basic soil and fluid properties. A relative mobility factor is introduced for LNAPL movement at the water table that depends primarily on the van Genuchten n parameter (related to the breadth of the soil pore size distribution) and the magnitude of water table fluctuations. Estimated LNAPL plume velocities compare reasonably with more rigorous numerical models, which may be used in cases where data availability warrant the greater effort entailed.Two methods of estimating release timing and its uncertainty are investigated. A direct estimation method is described that determines travel time for a single observed travel distance based on estimated soil and fluid properties. Release date uncertainty may be determined using the first order (FO) or Monte Carlo (MC) methods. The second method for estimating release date involves nonlinear parameter estimation utilizing distance vs. time measurements and other data.A case study is presented for a field site where independent estimates of release timing were obtained from a numerical modeling analysis. Release timing estimates based on direct inversion of the analytical timing model agree well with the numerical analysis. Results for a second field site indicate that release date confidence limits estimated by the FO method, assuming log-normally distributed travel times, are close to values determined by the MC method, which makes no assumption regarding the form of the travel time probability distribution.Results for a hypothetical problem indicate that LNAPL velocity and travel time may be accurately estimated if sufficient data on travel distance vs. time are available. Incorporating prior information on relevant soil and fluid properties into the objective function reduces the uncertainty in release date if prior estimates are accurate. However, biased prior estimates may lead to over- or underestimation of release date uncertainty. Simultaneous estimation of soil and fluid properties and release date is possible if prior information is available to condition the parameter estimates.     

Holocene dynamics of forest ecosystems on the upper plateau of the Volga Upland

Main stages in the development of forest ecosystems on the upper plateau of the Volga Upland in the Holocene have been reconstructed by analyzing palynological assemblages from peat deposits. Dominance of the forest landscape in the region began in the Boreal time. Pine and, to a lesser extent, birch were the main forest-forming species, whereas the role of spruce was never significant. Broad-leaved species appeared in forests in the early Atlantic time. The formation of floodplain and upland bogs began at the end of the Boreal time and in the first half of the Atlantic time, respectively. Significant anthropogenic changes in the vegetation began in the Subboreal time.     

Nutrient fluxes in a eutrophic coastal Louisiana freshwater lake

Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in a eutrophic Louisiana freshwater lake system (Lac des Allemands) was studied. Nutrients from runoff entering the lake, as well as sediment-interstitial and lake water nitrogen and phosphorus fractions, were measured seasonally. Sedimentation rates in the lake were determined using¹³⁷Cs dating.Phosphorus levels in the lake were found to be largely dependent on concentrations in the incoming bayou water from upland drainage. Lake water concentrations appear to respond to fluctuations in incoming waters. Laboratory equilibrium studies showed bottom sediments in the lake are a major sink for the incoming dissolved orthophosphate phosphorus. Total nitrogen concentrations in the lake water generally exceeded incoming runoff concentrations, suggesting fixation by the large blue-green algae population in the lake as being the major source of nitrogen to the system.Sedimentation ranged from 0.44 cm/year to 0.81 cm/year, depending on the proximity to the inlet bayous. Even though the lake is eutrophic the sediment served as a buffer by removing large amounts of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus through sedimentation processes. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were accumulating in the sediment at rates of 60, 7.1, and 1.1 g/m²/year, respectively.The water quality of the lake is likely to continue to decline unless measures are taken to reduce municipal, industrial, and agricultural inputs of phosphorus into the lake.     

黄河三角洲及邻近海域沉积物137Cs和210Pbex断代的适用性

¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex定年是确定近百年来浅层湖泊沉积物年代学框架的首选方法,然而,该方法在河口滩地及邻近海域沉积物断代中的适用性仍然不清。本文以渤海黄河三角洲为研究对象,通过钻孔采集了1929～1990年间四个不同成陆年限的淤成土泥芯,分析了¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex活度及粒度的深度分布特征;结合已报道的邻近海域水下地形特征、沉积物特性、沉积构造等资料,讨论了黄河口泥沙沉积和三角洲形成的特点,评价了沉积物¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex断代法在该区域的适用性。结果表明,黄河三角洲是由入海口冲积扇不断向前推进而形成,具有快速且不均匀沉积的特点。20世纪50～70年代大气层核试验产生的放射性同位素¹³⁷Cs是黄河三角洲和邻近海域沉积物断代可靠的示踪物,含¹³⁷Cs的沉积物可被确定为1963年(或1954年)以来的沉积物。²¹⁰Pb<...