广州市氮氧化物的数值模拟及暴露影响评价

主要介绍了大气暴露风险评价ADMER模式的模块组成及其主要功能,并利用该模式对广州地区常规的氮氧化物进行了暴露风险评价研究.利用中尺度气象模式模拟的5km气象场数据和收集整理的年平均污染排放源资料进行了大气污染扩散模拟计算.结果表明,无论是氮氧化物的浓度值还是其时空变化趋势,ADMER模式模拟的结果与实际观测均较一致,相关系数达0.76.氮氧化物的浓度高值出现在冬春季节,夏季的浓度相对较低,这主要是受气象场条件的影响.空间场上,氮氧化物的高值区位于广州地区的西南和中部,与工业大点源以及地面源排放的分布一致,而广州地区东北部氮氧化物的浓度值相对较低.在浓度评估的基础上,对暴露人口也进行了估算.由于广州是广东省的主要人口密集区,所以,定量化暴露人口对于进一步开展污染控制减排策略有一定的指示意义.     

关中地区PM2.5时空演化及人口暴露风险

近年来以细颗粒物PM_2.5为代表的大气污染已给人体健康带来严重风险.基于PM_2.5遥感反演数据和人口格网分布数据,测度关中地区人口暴露于PM_2.5的风险程度,并采用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验和空间自相关分析等方法,探索2000～2016年关中地区PM_2.5及人口暴露风险的时空演化过程.结果表明:①2006、2007和2013年关中地区污染重且范围广,这3 a在40%以上区域PM_2.5年均质量浓度超过了35μg·m^-3的限值,2000～2016年关中地区PM_2.5空间分布范围不断扩大,形成了自中部向东北部的连续带状集中分布区;②2000～2016年,关中地区几乎每年都有超过60%的人口暴露在PM_2.5年均35μg·m^-3质量浓度限值以上,且人口暴露风险不断加剧,尤其是2011年后,人口暴露的高风险区范围持续增加;③2000～2016年关中地区PM     

Development of inherent safety and health index for formulated product design

The numerous formulated products which are introduced to the market consist of chemical ingredients that may cause various safety and health hazards to the consumers. Therefore, it is extremely important to practice a systematic methodology to formulate products with acceptable safety and health performances. This work presents an index-based methodology to assess the safety and health hazards of the ingredients during the early formulation stage of product design. Hence, new inherent safety and health sub-indexes are introduced to improve the current safety and health hazards that are needed in formulated product design. The inherent safety and health sub-indexes are assigned with scores based on the degree of potential hazards. A higher score indicates a higher safety risk or severe health effect, and vice versa. The proposed methodology will greatly assist the users to identify the adverse safety and health effects caused by the ingredients. Hence, it is pivotal to eliminate or reduce the safety and health impacts from product usage. A case study on common ingredients used in the formulation of paint is presented on this study to describe the proposed method.     

噪声对不同人格类型被试者视觉功能的不同影响

采用龚耀先修订的“艾克森人格问卷”中的调查方法,将华东师范大学的３６名大学生分为外向稳定、内向稳定、外向不稳定、内向不稳定等４个人格类型组,通过噪声暴露试验,研究其对不同人格类型式者视觉功能的影响。结果表明,噪声对内向不稳定定型被试乾的视觉影响最大,对外向稳定型影响最小;噪声对视深、视长和视野的影响程序也不相同,４种人格类型被试者在视深知觉和视野上均存在显著性差异,在视长智觉上未见任何显著性差异;     

马里亚纳海槽玄武岩K-Ar定年及其地质意义

对马里亚纳海槽弧后扩张脊上所采集的玄武岩样品进行了系统的K -Ar定年 ,同时结合研究玄武岩的微量元素以及稀土元素特征后指出 ,马里亚纳海槽的张开及与之伴随发生的玄武岩浆活动自晚中新世以来一直都在进行 ,其主活动期为 2～ 4Ma。海槽玄武岩年龄在空间上具有从南到北逐渐变新的演化规律。据此 ,推断该海槽的扩张演化可能受控于该区内热区的迁移及运动规律     

Human exposure to dioxins through diet in Italy

We have measured the content of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (together defined as “dioxins”) in 269 samples of food of animal origin collected through the regional veterinary services, covering the national territory. Quantification of the dioxins was accomplished by isotope dilution method, and toxic equivalents (TEQ) were calculated. The average daily food intake was obtained from two main sources: national data collected by the National Institute of Nutrition, and data from an ongoing cohort study on diet and cancer including 40, 000 Italian subjects.

The mean value of dioxins measured in food of animal origin was 0.144 ± 0.266 pg-TEQ/g (range: 0.003–1.655 pg-TEQ/g). Fish was the item with the highest content. The estimated intake of dioxins with main food items of animal origin is presented. The major contribution to dioxins intake with food comes from cow milk and fish consumption. These results are in agreement with what observed in studies conducted in other countries, such as Germany, Finland, Japan, Spain, and are below the limits set by the European legislation.     

The distribution of chlorpyrifos following a crack and crevice type application in the US EPA Indoor Air Quality Research House

A study was conducted in the US EPA Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Research House to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of chlorpyrifos following a professional crack and crevice application in the kitchen. Following the application, measurements were made in the kitchen, den and master bedroom over 21 days. Airborne concentrations were collected using both polyurethane foam (PUF) and the OSHA versatile sampler composed of XAD and PUF media located in tandem. Measured airborne concentrations were similar for the two samplers and were higher in the three rooms following the application. The highest measured concentrations were reached during the initial 24-h following application; concentrations subsequently declined over the 21-day study period to levels slightly above background. Spatial and temporal distributions onto surfaces were measured using 10-cm² rayon deposition coupons located on the floor. Sections were cut from existing carpet to determine the total extractable residues. Chlorpyrifos was measured from all matrixes in the kitchen, den and bedroom and the data shows the transport of airborne residues from the point of application to remote locations in the house. The findings are compared and discussed relative to another study conducted in which total release aerosols containing chlorpyrifos were activated in the IAQ research house and the resulting distributions evaluated. For both studies dose estimates were constructed for the exposure pathways using the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Estimation Model for pesticides.The United States Environmental Protection Agency has been mandated to examine children's exposure to environmental pollutants such as pesticides. This research specifically reduces uncertainties associated with estimating children's potential exposures to residentially applied pesticides and provides inputs to further evaluate and validate residential exposure models which might be used to reduce exposures and perform risk assessments.     

全氟辛烷磺化物及其环境问题

全氟辛烷磺化物(PFOS)是全氟化合物(PFCS)的代表物,以PFOS为原料可以生产许多用途广泛的PFOS相关物质,并且在环境中都能降解生成PFOS.PFOS是一种新型的持久性有机污染物(POPs),已经成为环境科学研究的热点问题.主要从物理化学性质、毒性、环境及人体暴露水平等方面对PFOS进行了综述,并将中国有关的现有数据与其他国家进行了比较.研究表明,中国人体、水体均存在着大范围的以PFOS为主的PFCS污染.     

Effect of arsenic and mercury speciation on inhibition of respiration rate in activated sludge systems

The inhibition effect of arsenite, As(III), arsenate, As(V), inorganic mercury, Hg(II) and methylmercury, MeHg, on the respiration rate of activated heterotrophic sludge microorganisms was evaluated. As(III) and MeHg were much more toxic to activated sludge than As(V) and Hg(II) respectively. The effect of various experimental parameters on the toxicity, such as sludge age, concentration of suspended solids and exposure time, was investigated. An increase of sludge age or the concentration of suspended solids reduces the observed inhibition. Longer exposure seems to dramatically increase the inhibition of As(III), MeHg and Hg(II) during the first hours of exposure, while the later inhibition increases at a slower rate. On the contrary, in the presence of As(V), 24 hours after exposure, the respiration rate was similar to that of the control biomass.     

Exposure of population and microenvironmental distributions of volatile organic compound concentrations in the EXPOLIS study

Determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) formed one part of the EU-EXPOLIS project in which the exposure of European urban populations to particles and gaseous pollutants was studied. The EXPOLIS study concentrated on 30 target VOCs selected on the basis of environmental and health significance and usability of the compounds as markers of pollution sources. In the project, 201 subjects in Helsinki, 50 in Athens, 50 in Basel, 50 in Milan and, 50 in Oxford and 50 in Prague were selected for the final exposure sample. The microenvironmental and personal exposure concentrations of VOCs were the lowest in Helsinki and Basel, while the highest concentrations were measured in Athens and Milan; Oxford and Prague were in between. In all cities, home indoor air was the most significant exposure agent. Workplace indoor air concentrations measured in this study were generally lower than the home indoor concentrations and home outdoor air played a minor role as an exposure agent. When estimating the measured personal exposure concentrations using the measured concentrations and time fractions spent at home indoors, at home outdoors, and at the workplace, it could be concluded that these three microenvironments do not fully explain the personal exposure. Other important sources for personal exposure must be encountered, the most important being traffic/transportation and other indoor environments not measured in this study.