Benefits and risks associated with consumption of Great Lakes fish containing omega-3 fatty acids and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

正Introduction Assessment of environmental health effects arising from exposure to multiple substances is often very challenging.This is particularly true when humans are exposed to a mixture that contains both beneficial and harmful substances.A good example relates to the risk and benefits of fish consumption.     

人工纳米材料富勒烯（C60）低剂量长期暴露对鲫鱼的氧化伤害

为更好地判断人工纳米材料(富勒烯,C60)对水生生物的潜在健康危害,以鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)幼鱼为受试生物,研究了低剂量C60(0.04～1.0 mg·L-1)长期(32 d)暴露对鲫鱼的氧化伤害.结果表明,各实验组中鲫鱼幼鱼脑、肝脏、鳃组织中的还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量都发生显著降低(p＜0.05),其中1 mg·L-1 nC60,aq的暴露对鳃组织GSH含量的抑制率为14.3%,高于对鱼脑、肝脏组织中的抑制率;肝脏组织中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,以及鳃组织中Na -K -ATP酶活性均被显著激活,其最大活性分别是对照的121.34%(0.04 mg·L-1暴露组)、114.80%(0.04 mg·L-1暴露组)和348.59%(0.20mg·L-1暴露组).实验结果揭示,长期暴露引起机体组织的氧化应激可能是水环境中C60的致毒机制之一.     

卡罗塞尔氧化沟技术发展研究

本文在论述了卡罗塞尔(Carrousel)氧化沟的形成、技术特征及发展过程的基础上,提出了今后Car-rousel氧化沟的发展趋势。     

Validating the underlying assumption of quasi-induced exposure technique disaggregated by crash injury severity

Introduction: Quasi-induced exposure (QIE) technique has been popularly applied in the field of traffic safety research for decades. One of the basic assumptions of QIE theory is that the not-at-fault driving parties (D2s) involved in the crashes are the random selection of overall driving population at the event of crash occurrence. Very few literatures, however, can be identified to validate the assumption for crashes with specific injury severities that may not be satisfied in reality. Method: The study aims to check the validity of the assumption categorized by crash injury severity with the use of Michigan crash data. Latent class analysis is employed to generate several latent classes for the crashes with specific injury outcomes. Chi-square test is adopted to identify the significance of the similarity of D2 distributions among the latent classes. Results: The results indicate that: (a) for fatal crashes the statistical tests do not identify the significant discrepancies for D2 distributions of driver gender, age, and vehicle type between latent classes; (b) for injury crashes, both D2 driver gender and age have the similar distributions between/among various classes, while the D2 vehicle types show the inconsistent distributions; and (c) with respect to property damage only crashes, the distributions of three vehicle-driver characteristics are significantly different among the latent classes. It implies that the underlying assumption may not entirely hold true for all the injury severities and driver-vehicle characteristics. Practical Applications: The findings pinpoint the applicability of the QIE technique under specific scenarios and highlight the importance of validating the underlying assumption of QIE prior to its application.     

典型螺栓/螺母装配件湿热海洋大气环境适应性研究

目的 研究典型螺栓/螺母装配件在湿热海洋大气环境下的适应性.方法 在万宁大气环境试验站开展螺栓/螺母装配件为期24个月的户外暴露试验,通过环境扫描电镜(SEM)、电化学试验、力矩测试,研究螺栓/螺母装配件在我国湿热海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为和力矩变化规律.结果 装配件组合30CrMnSiA镀镉钝化螺栓与30CrMnSiA镀镉钝化螺母(组合A)、30CrMnSiA镀镉钝化螺栓与30CrMnSiA镀锌钝化螺母(组合B)、30CrMnSiA镀镉钝化螺栓与0Cr16Ni6钝化螺母(组合C)对应的电偶腐蚀电流分别约为0.6、37、100μA,装配状态下组合C户外暴露24个月后最大拧出力矩增加53％.结论 装配导致的电偶腐蚀效应对螺栓/螺母紧固件的性能变化具有明显影响,非装配状态下30CrMnSiA镀镉钝化螺栓在万宁户外暴露期间没有出现基体腐蚀现象,而装配状态下组合C在万宁户外暴露期间出现较为严重的基体锈蚀,造成在户外暴露期间最大拧出力矩呈不断增加趋势.     

高频间歇梯度曝气启动短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒污泥

反硝化除磷与厌氧氨氧化耦合可进一步降低脱氮除磷所需的碳源,而稳定获取NO₂^--N是两工艺独立、联合运行的关键.因此,以低C/N生活污水为研究对象,接种絮状污泥及少量长期贮存的好氧颗粒污泥,采用两段梯度曝气,并控制停曝时间（3min：3min）,即以高频间歇梯度曝气模式,经60d的富集培养,将其诱导成具有短程硝化反硝化除磷功能的颗粒污泥,并分析了此过程中系统脱氮除磷性能变化.结果表明,稳定时期内,颗粒污泥平均粒径达841μm,SVI为31.23ml/g,颗粒结构致密,沉降性能良好.出水NO₃^--N小于0.1mg/L,TP<0.7mg/L,NO₂^--N>15mg/L,实现了P的高效去除和NO₃^--N的积累,并可为后续耦合Anammox提供稳定NO₂^--N基质.批次实验结果表明,颗粒中可利用NO₂^--N为电子受体的DPAOs占达57.63%,其富集提高了系统除磷能力.高频梯度间歇曝气可实现AOB与DPAOs的高度耦合,但仅以间歇曝气难以实现NOB的抑制,后通过在"氨谷点"前段,加入梯度曝气优化实际限氧曝气点,可强化对NOB的抑制,从而实现良好的亚硝酸盐积累.     

杂交水稻对Cd的吸收与籽粒积累:土壤和品种的交互影响

土壤-作物-食物是人类摄取Cd的主要途径,而水稻是籽粒Cd积累最强的粮食作物.选择2种杂交水稻(普通杂交稻“汕优63”和超级稻“Ⅱ优明86”)与乌栅土和红沙泥田2种水稻土为材料,采用添加Cd(2.5 mg/kg)和不添加Cd处理进行盆栽试验,研究了水稻在成熟期对土壤中Cd的吸收及籽粒积累特点.结果表明,杂交水稻对Cd的吸收及籽粒积累依土壤、品种及两者的交互作用而变化.杂交稻对土壤中原有Cd的吸收与积累,基因型影响高于土壤类型的影响,但对外源Cd的吸收与籽粒积累,土壤类型的影响强于品种基因型,而土壤与品种间的正交互作用(Cd吸收强的超级稻种植于土壤Cd化学有效性高的红沙泥田)可使水稻籽粒Cd积累成倍提高.说明在未污染条件下,杂交稻对Cd的吸收与籽粒积累主要受品种的吸收能力控制,而在污染条件下,土壤化学性质对Cd有效性的影响成为土壤-水稻系统Cd迁移的主要控制因素.本实验显示,在酸性土壤或污染条件下,超级稻对Cd的吸收与籽粒积累十分强烈,就地消费人群的籽粒Cd暴露风险水平达到数倍于临界摄入剂量水平.加Cd处理下,汕优63中Cd滞留于根部,而Ⅱ优明86有较强的将Cd向上运输的能力,Ⅱ优明86籽粒Cd积累的不利效应远远超过其产量的增加效应.因此,在高产水稻育种中必须考虑水稻对Cd吸收的基因型差异与籽粒Cd的暴露风险,推广高产杂交水稻根据其Cd的吸收特性考虑土壤-品种的合理布局.     

Dealing with uncertainty in the assessment of human exposure to radioactivity in food and the environment

This paper presents an overview of the approach used to assess radiation dose and risk to members of the public from radioactivity in food and the environment. It describes uncertainties in the process and suggests ways of dealing with them to improve the risk assessment process. It also explains how uncertainty in the assessed dose/risk can be communicated to non-expert audiences such as members of the public. The issues covered in this paper apply to risk assessment of any contaminant and not only radioactivity.     

基于贮存剖面的弹上电子部件可靠性分析

目的 提高弹上电子部件贮存可靠性预测的准确度,提出基于贮存剖面的弹上电子部件可靠性分析方法。方法 在分析弹上电子部件贮存剖面及环境条件的基础上,将弹上电子部件视为多阶段任务系统,引入贝叶斯分析,采用分阶段建模方法,针对各阶段相关性和失效率的不同,基于累积损伤模型,构建弹上电子部件贮存寿命周期内的可靠性模型。结果 相比于洞库贮存、值班等单一环境条件下的可靠性预测,基于贮存剖面综合环境下的可靠性预测结果的准确性更高,且随着贮存时间的增长,优势更明显。结论 该方法立足于实际贮存剖面,分析结果更符合弹上电子部件的应用实际,也为其他弹上部件的可靠性分析提供了一种有效途径。     

室内灰尘中多环芳烃及其衍生物的赋存与人体暴露研究进展

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)作为典型的持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)中的重要类别,具有半挥发性、生物蓄积性、长期残留性和明显的毒性(包括致癌、致畸、致突变)等特点,因此是环境中的一类重要污染物.PAHs衍...