一起反应失控爆炸事故的超压后果分析

沸腾液体膨胀蒸气爆炸(BLEVE)是反应失控常见的后果之一,针对常用的TNT法计算BLEVE爆炸超压效应可能导致错误的情况,采用TNT法与Baker-Tang爆炸曲线法分别对反应失控导致的BLEVE爆炸超压效应进行计算,并与现场证据相比较,考察不同模型计算的准确性。结果表明,TNT当量法计算的理论超压过高估计了实际超压。当估计碎片所占能量在32%~50%之间时,Baker-Tang爆炸曲线法计算的超压与实际爆炸超压吻合较好。因此,Baker-Tang爆炸曲线法是BLEVE爆炸超压预测的有效工具。     

白腐真菌生化降解TNT的研究

本文在建立微生物降解废水中有机污染物的中间反应模型的基础上,推导出ＴＮＴ废水的ＣＯＤ降解参数方程,并与实测值比较,基本吻合,为以后深入研究提供理论指导。     

Erprobung und Erfolgskontrolle eines Phytoremediations-verfahrens zur Sanierung Sprengstoff-kontaminierter B?den

Zusammenfassung  Die Befunde des in seiner Konzeption in Teil I dargestellten Freilandexperimentes dokumentieren die TNT-Abreicherung und Erholung des Standortes im Laufe der Phytoremediation. Das Monitoring umfasst Erhebungen im Feld (Nitroaromatengehalte in Boden, Sickerwasser und Pflanzen; Erfassung von Bodenorganismen und Streuabbau) und den Einsatz einer Biotestbatterie mit 6 Einzeltests. Die Daten belegen die hohe Heterogenit?t der TNT-Kontamination, eine rasche initiale Abreicherung und eine geringe Verlagerung von Nitroaromaten in Pflanzen und Sickerwasser. Die anf?nglich rasche Transformation des TNT zu Aminodinitrotoluolen l?sst nach 3 Monaten deutlich nach. Mit Hilfe der Biotestbatterie wird die Toxizit?t des Bodens differenziert beurteilbar; die boden-biologischen Befunde lassen Langzeitwirkungen der TNT-Belastung wahrscheinlich werden. Eine Gesamtbeurteilung des Projekts wird im dritten Teil der Artikelserie erfolgen. OnlineFirst: 10. 09. 2001     

Numerical investigation of surface conduit parallel gas pipeline explosive based on the TNT equivalent weight method

With the rapid development of petroleum industry, the transport pipelines of oil and gas are increasingly constructed to minimize land use conflicts. Therefore, the parallel pipelines are unavoidable in order to save land resource, reduce the pipeline construction and maintenance costs. The economy and security of pipeline laying and running is the primary problem considered in pipeline construction, which the parallel spacing plays a decisive role to. The leakage of natural gas is very serious and dangerous due to its flammable and combustible. The explosive of leak gas causes impact failure to parallel pipeline. Specific to the surface conduit parallel gas pipeline, numerical simulation of leak natural gas explosive was carried out based on TNT equivalent weight method. Explosive damage degree of pipeline decreased with the pipeline distance increasing. Consulting with the pipeline ovalization strain design criteria and the combustion effect, the safety parallel natural gas pipeline space maybe at least 4 m to ensure the surface conduit parallel pipeline safely and steadily operation.     

Application of CFD model in an LPG tank explosion accident

In this research, a 3D tank farm model of a petrochemical plant was built in order to analyze an LPG tank explosion accident. Furthermore, the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) algorithm was also applied to reconstruct the scenario of the accident. With its 3D dynamic abilities, the CFD simulation results can be used to facilitate the understanding of the spatial and transient distribution of different hazardous physical variables, which cannot be observed from the traditional methods.After the maximum physical variables of overpressure, pressure-impulse, and thermal radiation temperature were calculated, the results were adopted to estimate the corresponding 3D individual risk value. With the aid of the CFD simulation and the analysis method of maximum physical variable, the researchers can use the simulation results to scrutinize the possible causes and consequences of a chemical accident.     

生化降解TNT废水的规律研究

在建立微生物降解废水中有机物反应模型的基础上,推导出TNT废水的降解参数方程,并与实测值比较,基本吻合,为以后的深入研究提供指导作用。     

Effectiveness of urea in enhancing the extractability of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene from chemically variant soils

One of the major challenges in developing an effective phytoremediation technology for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) contaminated soils is limited plant uptake resulting from low solubility of TNT. The effectiveness of urea as a solubilizing agent in increasing plant uptake of TNT in hydroponic systems has been documented. Our preliminary greenhouse experiments using urea were also very promising, but further characterization of the performance of urea in highly-complex soil-solution was necessary. The present study investigated the natural retention capacity of four chemically variant soils and optimized the factors influencing the effectiveness of urea in enhancing TNT solubility in the soil solutions. Results show that the extent of TNT sorption and desorption varies with the soil properties, and is mainly dependent on soil organic matter (SOM) content. Hysteretic desorption of TNT in all tested soils suggests irreversible sorption of TNT and indicates the need of using an extractant to increase the release of TNT in soil solutions. Urea significantly (p < 0.0001) enhanced TNT extraction from all soils, by increasing its solubility at the solid/liquid interface. Soil organic matter content and urea application rates showed significant effects, whereas pH did not exert any significant effect on urea catalysis of TNT extraction from soil. The optimum urea application rates (125 or 350 mg kg⁻¹) for maximizing TNT extraction were within the limits set by the agronomic fertilizer-N rates used for major agricultural crops. The data obtained from this batch study will facilitate the optimization of a chemically-catalyzed phytoremediation model for cleaning up TNT-contaminated soils.     

铁碳微电解预处理TNT红水

为了寻求经济有效的TNT红水处理技术,对铁碳微电解工艺预处理TNT红水进行了研究。结果表明,当pH值为3,铁碳质量比0.25∶1,曝气3 h时,COD去除率达到10.1%,2,4-二硝基甲苯-3-磺酸(2,4-dinitrotoluene-3-sulfonic acid,2,4-DNT-3-SA)和2,4-二硝基甲苯-5-磺酸(2,4-dinitrotoluene-5-sulfonic acid,2,4-DNT-5-SA)的去除率分别可达到10.4%和12.0%;铁碳微电解可以将TNT红水中部分有机物进行转化或去除,经过铁碳微电解后,红水中的有机物从原来的11种变为16种。大部分有机物得到了不同程度的转化,其中1,3,5-三硝基甲苯相对含量降低得最多。     

The toxicity of soil samples containing TNT and other ammunition derived compounds in the enchytraeid and collembola-biotest

The effect of ammunition-like compounds and armament waste on the mortality and reproduction of terrestrial invertebrates was assayed by using two biotests: the enchytraeid-biotest withEnchytraeus crypticus and the collembola-biotest withFolsomia Candida. Toxicity was investigated by using standard soil (Lufa 2.2) spiked with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-l,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine (hexogen, RDX), octahydro-l,3,5,7-tetranitro-l,3,5,7-tetrazocine (octogen, HMX) and 2,4,6-triaminotoluene (TAT). Ecotoxicity was investigated with ammunition-contaminated soil material from the former ammunition plant “Tanne” at Clausthal-Zellerfeld (CTNTla) and the Brandplatz (incineration site) in Torgau-Elsnig (TETNT1a), Germany. TNT increased mortality and reduced reproduction of both test organisms corresponding to the concentrations used, whereas hexogen, octogen and TAT had no effect in the tested concentrations (1000-2000 mg/kg). From the two soil materials, TETNT1a was much more toxic than CTNT1a. The LC50(7d) in the enchytraeid-biotest was 570 mg TNT/kg and the EC50(28d) 369 mg TNT/kg soil material (dw). In the collembola-biotest the LC50(7d) was 185 mg TNT/kg and the EC50(28d) 110 mg TNT/kg soil matter (dw).     

三甲基氯化锡对水生生物的毒性效应

研究了三甲基氯化锡(TMT)对蛋白核小球藻、大型溞和斑马鱼的急性毒性影响.结果表明,TMT在实验浓度下,对蛋白核小球藻的生长有抑制作用,浓度越高抑制作用越明显.较高浓度组(5.31,20mg/L)可致死部分蛋白核小球藻细胞,TMT对蛋白核小球藻的96h-EC50为0.46mg/L,属于极高毒物质;TMT对大型溞的48h-LC50为0.087mg/L,也属于极高毒性;TMT对斑马鱼的96h-LC50为2.45mg/L,属于高毒性.TMT对这3种水生生物的抑制率/致死率(EC50/LC50)随时间呈规律性变化.TMT的神经毒性和亲脂特性可能是其对水生生物较高毒性的主要原因.