UV/TiO2协同交变脉冲电流对梯恩梯废液处理的优化研究

以猛炸药TNT为最终目标降解物,采用响应曲面分析方法（RSM ）,探讨紫外光光照时间、电解电流、溶液 pH 三者交互作用对 TNT 废液降解处理效果的影响,并对工艺参数进行优化。结果表明：试验因子与评价指标之间的关系符合二次方程模型;UV／TiO2协同交变脉冲电流对 TNT 废液处理最优工艺条件是：紫外光光照时间2．5 h（波长366～380 nm ,催化剂为 TiO2）、电解电流75 A（脉冲峰值电流）、溶液 pH 3．7,在此工艺条件下,TNT 废液的 COD 去除率可达81．34％。     

熔融硝盐高温分解爆炸事故后果严重度评价

为评价热处理用硝盐槽熔融硝盐高温分解爆炸事故机理和后果严重度,结合某企业铝合金件硝盐固溶热处理工艺进行研究。 利用压缩气体容器爆炸能量计算模型、超压准则和TNT当量法估算热处理用硝盐槽内熔融硝盐高温分解爆炸事故后果,得出35 000 kg熔融硝盐在高温分解转化率为50%时爆炸的TNT当量为1 257.6 kg,爆炸会造成半径53.97 m范围内的人员轻伤,该结果和利用政府推荐的危险指数法得出的外部防护距离为50 m较为接近。 以上分析计算表明:超温爆炸过程中,熔融硝盐在硝盐槽中超温分解快速产生大量气体,在硝盐槽上盖及上部硝盐的阻挡下不能及时排出,致使硝盐槽内气体压力瞬间升高,形成类似于压力容器的空间,发生物理爆炸并引发高温硝盐喷溅。     

Microbial and plant ecology of a long-term TNT-contaminated site

The contamination of the environment with explosive residues presents a serious ecological problem at sites across the world, with the highly toxic compound trinitrotoluene (TNT) the most widespread contaminant. This study examines the soil microbial community composition across a long-term TNT-contaminated site. It also investigates the extent of nitroaromatic contamination and its effect on vegetation. Concentrations of TNT and its metabolites varied across the site and this was observed to dramatically impact on the extent and diversity of the vegetation, with the most heavily contaminated area completely devoid of vegetation. Bryophytes were seen to be particularly sensitive to TNT contamination. The microbial population experienced both a reduction in culturable bacterial numbers and a shift in composition at the high concentrations of TNT. DGGE and community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) revealed a clear change in both the genetic and functional diversity of the soil when soil was contaminated with TNT.     

Short term exposure to elevated trinitrotoluene concentrations induced structural and functional changes in the soil bacterial community

We investigated the acute impact of trinitrotoluene (TNT) contamination of soil on the aerobic bacterial community composition and function. The contamination of the environment with explosive residues presents a serious problem at sites across the world, with the highly toxic compound TNT being the most widespread explosive contaminant. We investigated the acute impact of trinitrotoluene (TNT) contamination of soil on the aerobic bacterial community composition and function. Soil microcosms were amended with a range of concentrations of TNT for 30 days. A polyphasic approach encompassing culture-independent molecular analysis by DGGE, community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) and cell enumeration revealed that the amendment of soils with TNT resulted in a shift from slower growing k-strategists towards faster growing r-strategists. Pseudomonads became prevalent at high concentrations of TNT. Pollution induced community tolerance (PICT) was observed as TNT concentrations increased. Chemical analyses revealed that TNT was reduced to its amino derivatives, products of reductive microbial transformation. The transformation to amino derivatives decreased at high concentrations of TNT, indicative of inhibition of microbial TNT transformation.     

LSC0.5-0.7-AII锅炉爆炸事故的爆炸能量及危害半径计算

针对一起LSC0.5-0.7-AII锅炉爆炸事故进行了事故分析,通过分析认定了事故原因,对事故的爆炸能量及危害半径进行了较为全面的实例分析计算,并将锅炉爆炸能量折算成了TNT当量,理论计算出了锅炉爆炸死亡半径、重伤半径、不同程度的摧毁半径等相应数据.     

石化行业控制室承爆风险评估方法研究

针对传统的气体爆炸风险评估方法的不足之处,提出采用一种基于CFD技术的气体爆炸风险评估方法,对某煤气化厂区氢气爆炸对控制室造成的风险进行模拟计算与预测分析。并把研究结果与传统的TNT当量法、Multi-Energy方法预测结果进行比较。结果表明,该方法能考虑到密集管道与复杂装置布局、气云大小等因素对爆炸超压的影响,且能用于超压波的近场预测,以及确定空间不同位置处的爆炸超压,更适用于石化行业控制室的承爆风险评估。     

活性焦和活性炭负载纳米铁处理TNT红水中的二硝基甲苯磺酸钠

以活性焦和活性炭为载体,采用液相还原法制备了负载纳米铁,比较了两种负载纳米铁对TNT红水中难降解物质二硝基甲苯磺酸钠(包括2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na和2,4-DNT-5-SO3Na)的去除能力。实验结果表明,作为负载材料活性焦的相对有效比表面积与孔体积要优于活性炭,而且有利于更好地发挥出负载纳米铁的优势。单位面积活性焦负载纳米铁去除2,4-DNT-5-SO3Na的能力明显高于活性炭负载纳米铁,单位面积活性焦负载纳米铁去除2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na的能力在较小投加量条件下高于活性炭负载纳米铁,但均随投加量的增加而下降;而对于活性炭负载纳米铁,其单位面积去除能力基本不受投加量的影响,而且对二硝基甲苯磺酸钠的去除率高于活性焦负载纳米铁。耦合混凝沉淀的总去除效果表明,单位面活性焦负载纳米铁对2,4-DNT-5-SO3Na的去除能力高于活性炭负载纳米铁,而对2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na的去除能力则低于活性炭负载纳米铁。     

电-Fenton法降解TNT弹药销毁废水

2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(TNT)弹药销毁废水的色度高、毒性大、不易生化降解。采用电Fenton法降解TNT弹药销毁废水。研究了电压(U)、极板间距(D)、初始p H、H2O2投加量(M)、n(Fe2+)/n(H2O2)摩尔比及反应时间(T)对废水COD去除率的影响;优化了反应条件:在U=8 V,D=1 cm,初始p H=3,M(H2O2)=0.0916 mol/L,n(Fe2+)/n(H2O2)=1∶30,T=4 h的条件下,废水的COD去除率大于86%,出水的其余指标如色度、氨氮、p H、TNT含量等各指标经国标法测量均达标。通过对反应动力学方程的分析,得出该实验基本符合二级反应动力学。该法操作简单实用,是处理该废水行之有效的方法。     

Accumulation of 14C-trinitrotoluene and related nonextractable (bound) residues in Eisenia fetida

To determine if trinitrotoluene (TNT) forms nonextractable residues in earthworms and to measure the relative degree of accumulation as compared to TNT and its deaminated metabolites, Eisenia fetida was exposed to ¹⁴C-TNT using dermal contact to filter paper or exposure to soil. Nonextractable residues made up 32-68% of total body burden depending on exposure media and depuration time. Parent TNT accounted for less than 3% of radioactivity, while ADNTs accounted for 7-38%. Elimination half-lives were 61-120 h for TNT, ADNTs, and DANTs, which was significantly lower than the half-lives found for nonextractable residues, 201-240 h. However, over 80% of the nonextractable residue was solubilized using weak acid (pH 2). Based on our findings that TNT accumulation occurs primarily as nonextractable residues, which have a longer half-life, and that nonextractable residues can be solubilized, we propose that nonextractable residues could be used as a selective biomarker for assessing TNT contamination.     

Uptake and Metabolism of TNT and GTN by Plants Expressing Bacterial Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase

The manufacture and improper disposal of explosives has resulted in a significant amount of land requiring remediation. The compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the most persistent and toxic of the explosive pollutants with current treatment methods being energy intensive and costly. Bacterial enzymes such as pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase (PETNR) from Enterobacter cloacae PB2 have been found to have activity against TNT; however, microbes often lack the biomassnecessary for remediation applications. The PETNRgene (onr1) was transformed into tobacco plants in an attempt to combine the metabolic diversity of microbes with the sequestering properties of plants. The resulting transgenic plants were shown to have enhanced tolerance to TNT during germination and as seedlings. Phytoremediation applications with these plants may provide an alternative treatment of TNT contamination.