北京大气CH4、CO2、TOC日变化规律及垂直分布的自动连续观测

提出了一种能自动连续监测CH4、CO2、TOC日变化及垂直分布的系统,利用该系统监测了2002年冬季CH4、CO2、TOC垂直分布的日变化的变化趋势.结果发现,距地面高度增加,受湍流扩散的影响,CH4、CO2、TOC浓度降低.冬季CH4浓度的日变化呈现明显的单峰周期变化,CO2日变化呈双峰形分布,TOC日变化没有明显的特征,其日变化受机动车尾气排放的影响很大.根据2002年冬季CO2浓度与2000年以前的对比结果发现,北京市冬季燃煤排放的污染物已处于一个相对稳定期,而随着北京市机动车保有量迅速增加,尾气排放成为影响某些大气微量气体日变化的主要因素.     

Pre-treating biosorbents for purification of bioethanol from aqueous solution

Cost-effective biosorbents made from the byproducts of agriculture, forest, and related industries, such as barley straw, canola meal, and wood sawdust, have significant water adsorption capacity, showing a great potential for selective water removal from bioalcohols to produce fuel grade products. However, there is a challenge that the biosorbents are not stable when they come in contact with aqueous solution. There are organic carbons released from biosorbents to liquid phase, which needs to be addressed before this technology is applied in the industrial purification of bioalcohols. In this work, raw barley straw representing an abundant group of cellulosic materials in the above-mentioned industries was used as a model material. A methodology of chemical and physical treatment was developed to treat barley straw which successfully enhanced the stability and reduced the total organic carbon release from the material into the aqueous solution. In addition, the pre-treated barley straw biosorbent had significantly increased micropores, and the Brunauer--Emmett--Teller surface area favored by water adsorption compared with raw barley straw. It also had higher water uptake and dynamic water adsorption selectivity. The pre-treated barley straw was able to selectively remove water and generate concentrated ethanol.     

以10种农业废弃物为基料的地下水反硝化碳源属性的实验研究

为了选择理想的农业废弃物作为优质碳源,同时作为生物膜载体应用于可渗透反应墙(PRB),通过反硝化作用去除地下水中的硝酸盐.选择小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、稻秆、大豆秸秆、玉米棒、稻壳、甘蔗渣、杨树枝、木屑、芦苇共10种农业废弃物进行元素分析实验、浸溶实验和长效浸出实验研究.元素分析实验结果显示,10种农业废弃物的C、N、H元素含量分别为38%~48%、5%~7%、0.5%~2.5%.短效浸出实验表明,甘蔗浸出液的总有机碳(TOC)浓度最高,均值可达38.66 mg·g~(-1),大豆秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、稻壳、杨树枝和小麦秸秆为8.04~15.30 mg·g~(-1),其他均值约为2.36~6.33 mg·g~(-1).但是,大部分农业废弃物均释放一定量的含氮物质.其中,硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐释放量均低于0.05 mg·g~(-1),氨氮释放量低于0.30 mg·g~(-1),凯氏氮除木屑、玉米棒、杨树枝释放量较低,其余均高于0.80 mg·g~(-1),最高可达1.65 mg·g~(-1).同时,秸秆类材料浸出液具有一定的色度,其中稻杆的色度最高,其值为1025.选择浸出液TOC浓度较高的甘蔗渣、玉米秸秆、稻壳、小麦秸秆及凯氏氮浓度较低的玉米棒和木屑作为理想碳源材料,进行长效浸出实验.结果表明,6种材料的TOC能迅速达到高位平衡状态,且溶出速率稳定,浸出液的高效液相色谱(HPLC)和气-质谱联用仪(GC/MS)分析表明,其主要成分为有机酸、糖类、含氮有机物和酯类等物质.其中,有机酸主要为甲酸、乙酸、草酸、富马酸等小分子有机酸、糖类主要为纤维二糖、葡萄糖、果糖和木糖.脱氮效能实验表明,6种农业废弃物硝酸盐去除率均达到80%以上,脱氮速率均达到1.00~2.00 mg·cm~(-3)·d~(-1)(以N计).综上,这6种材料均可作为地下水硝酸盐污染原位修复的理想碳源填充材料.     

废水的紫外吸光值积分(UVai)与常规有机污染物指标的关联性分析

实验中向生活污水及其二级生物处理出水中加入葡萄糖、蛋白胨、腐殖酸、阴离子表面活性剂等代表性有机物,对不同种类有机物的紫外吸收光谱特性进行分析,并与TOC相关联。分析结果表明,除葡萄糖以外,其它种类有机物在紫外光波长240￣300nm范围内均有明显的吸收。以生活污水及其二级生物处理出水作为研究对象,将240￣300nm范围内的紫外吸光值积分UVai和波长为254nm下的紫外吸光值UV254与常规有机污染指标相关联,结果表明,UVai与TOC,COD有更显著的线性相关性。     

Biodegradation of synthetic surfactants by river microorganisms

Ｂｉｏｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｓｕｒｆａｃｔａｎｔｓｂｙｒｉｖｅｒｍｉｃｒｏｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓ￥ＨｉｄｅａｋｉＭａｋｉ；ＫｅｎｒｏｕＴｏｋｕｈｉｒｏ；ＹａｓｕｈｉｒｏＦｕｊｉｗａｒａ；ＭｉｃｈｉｈｉｋｏＩｋｅ；ＫｅｎｊｉＦｕｒｕｋ...     

QuickTOC320e在线监测仪的应用

对QuickTOC320e在线监测仪的测量原理、技术指标及安装调试和考核验收进行了介绍。QuickTOC320e在线监测仪具有较高的准确性，能较好地适应化纤污水水样的分析，能够对化纤污水排放水质进行连续监测，为装置运行提供参考。     

氯化消毒饮用水中强致突变物MX[3-氯-4-(二氯甲基)-5-羟基-2(5H)-呋喃酮]的形成

利用一系列XAD吸附树脂及大孔阴、阳离子交换树脂,将太湖水中溶解态有机物分离为溶解态富里酸类、腐殖酸类、憎水弱酸类、憎水碱类、憎水中性物类、亲水酸类、亲水碱类七种组分,分别对不同组分的有机物进行氯化处理后,用GC/MS选择离子峰面积法测定了产物中的MX[3-氯-4-（二氯甲基）-5-羟基-2（5H）-呋喃酮]。结果表明,太湖水体中的溶解态腐殖酸类可能是生成MX的重要前驱物。     

水中总有机碳测定方法研究进展

本文对总有机碳（TOC）测定的原理、常用的氧化方法、检测技术、TOC与COD的相关性等作了较全面的评述，并指出了TOC目前在应用中存在的一些问题及其研究进展。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary, China: levels, distribution and their influencing factors

The concentrations, compositional profiles, possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary as well as the factors influencing the distribution of PBDEs were investigated. The total concentrations of PBDEs ranged from 0.13 to 1.98 ng g⁻¹ d.w. BDE209 was the dominating congener in all sediment samples, indicating the pollution of PBDEs in the Daliao River Estuary mainly came from the use of deca-BDE commercial mixtures. The intrusion of sea waters promoted the deposition of the colloid-associated PBDEs in the estuary. There were significantly negative correlations between PBDE concentration in sediment with pH value and salinity in the bottom water. The higher river flow in the flood season (summer) obviously accelerated the transport of PBDEs, and thereby increased the risk of PBDE contamination to the deep ocean. Moreover, a positive correlation between TOC and PBDE distributions was observed, suggesting that TOC regulated the distributions of PBDEs in sediments of Daliao River Estuary.     

Decolourization and removal of some organic compounds from olive mill wastewater by advanced oxidation processes and lime treatment

Background Olive mill wastewater (OMW) generated by the olive oil extracting industry is a major pollutant, because of its high organic load and phytotoxic and antibacterial phenolic compounds which resist biological degradation. Mediterranean countries are mostly affected by this serious environmental problem since they are responsible for 95% of the worldwide oliveoil production. There are many methods used for OMW treatment, such as adsorption, electro coagulation, electro-oxidation, biological degradation, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), chemical coagulation, flocculation, filtration, lagoons of evaporation and burning systems, etc. Currently, there is no such economical and easy solution. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of decolourization and removal of phenol, lignin, TOC and TIC in OMW by UV/H₂O₂ (AOPs). The operating parameters, such as hydrogen peroxide dosage, times, pH, effect of UV and natural sunlight were determined to find the suitable operating conditions for the best removal. Moreover, there is no study reported in the literature related to the use of UV/H₂O₂ and lime together in OMW treatment. Methods OMW was obtained from an olive-oil producing plant (Muğla area of Turkey) which uses a modern production process. No chemical additives are used during olive oil production. This study was realised by using two different UV sources, while taking the time and energy consumption into consideration. These two sources were mercury lamps and natural sunlight. Before starting AOPs experiments, one litre of OMW was treated by adding lime until a pH of 7.00. Then, 100 ml was taken from each sample, and 1 to 10 ml of a 30% H₂O₂ (Riedel-deHaen) solution was added. These solutions in closed vessels were laid in the natural sunlight for a week and their compositions and colour changes were analysed daily by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. At the end of the one-week period, they were treated with lime. In this study, the effect of changes in the initial pH, times and H₂O₂ concentrations on removal was investigated. At the end of all experiments, changes in colour, phenol, lignin, TOC and TIC concentrations were analysed according to standard methods. Results and Discussion In the samples exposed to natural sunlight and having an H₂O₂/OMW ratio of 3 ml/100 ml, a significant colour removal was achieved approximately 90% of the time at the end of 7 days. When the same samples were treated with lime (pH: up to 7), 99% efficiency was achieved. When phenol and lignin removals were examined in the same concentration, phenol and lignin removal were found 99.5%, 35%, respectively. However, for maximum lignin removal, more use of H₂O₂ (10 ml H₂O₂/100 ml OMW) was found to be necessary. Under these conditions, it was found that lignin can be removed by 70%, but to 90% with lime, at the end of a seven-day period. Rate constants obtained in the experiments performed with direct UV were found to be much higher than those of the samples exposed to natural sunlight (k^a _lignin = 0.3883 ≫ k^b _lignin = 0.0078; k^a _phenol = 0.5187 ≫ k^b _phenol = 0.0146). Moreover, it should be remembered in this process that energy consumption may induce extra financial burden for organisations. Conclusions It was found, in general, that colour, lignin, total organic carbon and phenol were removed more efficiently from OMW by using H₂O₂ UV and lime OMW. Moreover, in the study, lime was found to contribute, both initially and after radical reactions, to the efficiency to a great extent. Recommendations and Perspectives Another result obtained from the study is that pre-purification carried out with hydrogen peroxide and lime may constitute an important step for further purification processes such as adsorption, membrane processes, etc.