HRT对CO2-MBfR去除高SO42-废水中NO3--N的影响

针对含NO₃^--N与较高浓度SO₄^2-实际工业废水处理较难的问题,考察了不同水力停留时间（HRT）下连续运行的CO₂-氢基质膜生物膜反应器（CO₂-MBfR）处理模拟废水和实际工业废水的性能,结果表明,2种废水的出水NO₃^--N浓度均随着HRT的减小而增大,模拟废水中NO₃^--N的处理效果和电子通量分配比例均优于实际废水,但其电子通量分配的格局基本不变：NO₃^--N和SO₄^2-的电子通量分别在90.09%~97.49%和2.51%~9.91%左右.要实现实际废水总氮达到15mg/L的排放标准,需维持HRT不少于10.4h.     

复合有机污染物在含水层介质表面的吸附性能

为明确氯代烃芳香烃类复合污染物在含水层介质上的吸附特性,选取甲苯、苯、1,2-二氯丙烷,1,2,3-三氯丙烷（TCP）作为典型污染物开展吸附试验,结果表明吸附过程符合Henry线性模型,分配系数K_p值分别为0.38,0.41,0.73,1.00kg/L,污染物在细砂上的吸附强度顺序为甲苯>苯> 1,2-二氯丙烷> TCP;竞争吸附试验结果表明,苯可以明显促进甲苯在细砂介质上的吸附,而甲苯抑制了苯的吸附;1,2-二氯丙烷抑制TCP在细砂介质上的吸附,而TCP对1,2-二氯丙烷的吸附影响并不明显.TCP在含水层介质上的吸附量随甲苯浓度增加而增大;当甲苯初始浓度<2mg/L时,TCP对于甲苯在含水层介质上的吸附起促进作用,当甲苯的初始浓度³2mg/L时,TCP对于其在含水层介质上的吸附起抑制作用.     

多相流动状态下HCO_3~-对X70钢CO_2腐蚀的影响

自制实验装置,应用多种检测手段对挂片形貌、腐蚀速率以及挂片在线腐蚀情况进行分析,实验与数值仿真了多相流动状态下HCO_3~-对X70钢CO_2腐蚀速率的影响。结果表明:HCO_3~-浓度较低时,腐蚀介质中的H~+浓度升高,阴极析氢反应加快,X70钢腐蚀速度升高;HCO_3~-浓度较高时,碳酸根不溶盐优先附着在挂片表面,形成一层腐蚀产物膜,保护挂片。     

CaCO_3对生活垃圾热解气体组成的影响

利用固定床反应器,选用CaCO_3和SiO_2为添加剂,进行了生活垃圾催化热解实验研究,结果表明,CaCO_3在生活垃圾热解中的催化作用比SiO_2更加明显。为此,研究了不同CaCO_3添加量对热解可燃气产量的影响,探讨了CaCO_3在生活垃圾热解过程中的催化作用机理,重点分析了CaCO_3对生活垃圾热解气中CH_4和CO的影响机理。通过对比分析生活垃圾中添加不同量CaO的热解实验结果,得出CaCO3的催化作用主要在于其分解产物CaO促进了垃圾的二次热解,以及CO_2与C的还原反应。     

邯郸市PM_(1.0)、PM_(2.5)污染特征及在线水溶性离子分析

对2014年12月—2015年2月邯郸市大气中PM_(1.0)、PM_(2.5)以及PM_(2.5)中的硝酸根(NO-3)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)和硫酸根(SO2-4)进行在线监测。结果表明,PM_(1.0)中干性成分(PM_(1.0)_DRY)和包含水分的PM_(1.0)(PM_(1.0)_WET)分别占PM_(2.5)的74.0%和81.4%,PM_(1.0)为PM_(2.5)中的主要组成。利用锯齿型方法估算本地源和区域源对PM_(1.0)、PM_(1.0)~2.5、PM_(2.5)的贡献,得出区域源对PM_(1.0)的贡献为40.6%,明显高于对PM_(1.0)~2.5与PM_(2.5)贡献的32.3%和37.7%,因为PM_(1.0)直径小,在大气中存在时间较长、传输距离远。根据NO-3、WSOC、SO2-4与PM_(1.0)、PM_(1.0)~2.5的相关系数,推断NO-3、WSOC可能在PM_(1.0)生成,而SO2-4可能在PM_(1.0)~2.5中生成。     

一种高效测试污泥可生物降解性的实验方法研究

污泥的可生物降解性能由其有机组分的生物可及度和组分分子的复杂度共同决定。通过采用化学分级提取方法研究污泥组分的生物可及度,使用不同强度的提取溶液分离出4种化学可及度不同的提取组分,同时结合三维荧光光谱法对各组分中有机物质的复杂度进行分析。分析结果表明:组分的化学可及度与其生物可及度之间存在正相关关系;生物可及度较高,其成分有机物分子结构简单的组分SPOM(soluble particulate organic matter,SPOM)与REOM(readily extractible organic matter,REOM)在厌氧消化过程中降解率较高,分别为59.2%与46.3%的COD;而生物可及度低,组成复杂的组分SEOM(slowly extractible organic matter,SEOM)与PEOM(poorly extractible organic matter,PEOM)的生物降解率分别只有18.4%和5.8%的COD。     

Oxidation state specific analysis of arsenic species in tissues of wild-type and arsenic (+ 3 oxidation state) methyltransferase-knockout mice

Arsenic methyltransferase(As3mt) catalyzes the conversion of inorganic arsenic(i As) to its methylated metabolites, including toxic methylarsonite(MAs~Ⅲ) and dimethylarsinite(DMAs~Ⅲ). Knockout(KO) of As3 mt was shown to reduce the capacity to methylate i As in mice. However, no data are available on the oxidation states of As species in tissues of these mice. Here, we compare the oxidation states of As species in tissues of male C57BL/6 As3mt-KO and wild-type(WT) mice exposed to arsenite(iA s~Ⅲ) in drinking water. WT mice were exposed to50 mg/L As and As3mt-KO mice that cannot tolerate 50 mg/L As were exposed to 0, 15, 20, 25 or30 mg/L As. iA s~Ⅲaccounted for 53% to 74% of total As in liver, pancreas, adipose, lung, heart, and kidney of As3mt-KO mice; tri- and pentavalent methylated arsenicals did not exceed 10% of total As. Tissues of WT mice retained iA s and methylated arsenicals: iA s~Ⅲ, MAs~Ⅲand DMAs~Ⅲ represented 55%‐68% of the total As in the liver, pancreas, and brain. High levels of methylated species, particularly MAs~Ⅲ, were found in the intestine of WT, but not As3mt-KO mice,suggesting that intestinal bacteria are not a major source of methylated As. Blood of WT mice contained significantly higher levels of As than blood of As3mt-KO mice. This study is the first to determine oxidation states of As species in tissues of As3mt-KO mice. Results will help to design studies using WT and As3mt-KO mice to examine the role of iA s methylation in adverse effects of iA s exposure.     

Rapid degradation of dyes in water by magnetic Fe/Fe3O4/graphene composites

Magnetic Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄/graphene has been successfully synthesized by a one-step reduction method and investigated in rapid degradation of dyes in this work. The material was characterized by N₂ sorption–desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄/graphene had a layered structure with Fe crystals highly dispersed in the interlayers of graphene, which could enhance the mass transfer process between Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄/graphene and pollutants. Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄/graphene exhibited ferromagnetism and could be easily separated and re-dispersed for reuse in water. Typical dyes, such as Methyl Orange, Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet, could be decolorized by Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄/graphene rapidly. After 20 min, the decolorization efficiencies of methyl orange, methylene blue and crystal violet were 94.78%, 91.60% and 89.07%, respectively. The reaction mechanism of Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄/graphene with dyes mainly included adsorption and enhanced reduction by the composite. Thus, Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄/graphene prepared by the one-step reduction method has excellent performance in removal of dyes in water.     

太湖流域农田生产-畜禽养殖系统氮素流动特征

为应对太湖严峻的水体富营养化现状,从源头上降低面源污染负荷,基于物质流分析法与质量守恒原理,研究了常熟市辛庄镇农田生产-畜禽养殖系统的氮素流动通量、流动效率及环境负荷,并用实测值进行了参数校正. 结果表明:2000—2012年,辛庄镇农田生产子系统的单位面积氮素流动通量呈下降趋势,而畜禽养殖子系统的单位面积氮素流动通量则在42.5~50.9 kg/hm2范围内持续波动. 氮素利用率与氮素循环利用率均较低,氮素环境损失率较高,系统损失的氮素中有54.5%进入周围水体. 2000年以来,作物种植与畜禽养殖对辛庄镇环境氮负荷的贡献率分别在38.8%~50.2%与25.4%~35.8%之间波动. 辛庄镇农田施氮量为310.8 kg/hm2,人畜排泄氮量为61.1 kg/hm2,分别远高于全国平均值(197.2和18.6 kg/hm2). 过量施用化学氮肥与畜禽粪便的大量排放是辛庄镇环境氮负荷加重的主要原因. 辛庄镇高投入高产出的农业生产方式加大了太湖水环境修复的难度. 建议调整作物种植与畜禽养殖结构,推广科学施肥与生态养殖,将农田生产与畜禽养殖结合形成产业链,以此减轻氮素环境负荷.      

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的培养及影响因素

在EGSB反应器中快速启动厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺,总氮去除速率为0.931±0.006 kg/(m~3·d),总氮去除效率为90.5%±0.8%。培养得到厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥和絮状污泥混合物,污泥平均粒径为307.5μm。高质量浓度的NO_2~-(143.25 mg/L)抑制厌氧氨氧化菌活性;N_2H_4可强化厌氧氨氧化,但高质量浓度的N_2H_4抑制厌氧氨氧化菌活性;短期添加丙酸盐(COD质量浓度0~400 mg/L)对厌氧氨氧化速率几乎无影响;厌氧氨氧化速率随Fe~(3+)浓度(0~1.2 mmol/L)的增加而增加。