基于多源观测资料的海峡西岸城市春季颗粒物污染研究

以海西区沿海城市为研究对象,重点分析了厦门地区2017年春季大气颗粒物污染过程中边界层要素演变及颗粒物水平和垂直分布特征,并利用地面观测数据、气溶胶激光雷达、卫星遥感分析等多源观测资料,探讨了3月1—2日颗粒物污染过程.研究表明,海西区颗粒物污染过程中,暖区条件下静稳小风和高温高湿条件有利于局地细颗粒物的吸湿增长,细颗粒物占比较高,而在受冷锋南下影响下东北大风和高湿条件下,粗颗粒占比较高;海西区沿海各城市的细颗粒污染趋势基本一致,而粗颗粒污染峰值在沿海城市由北向南依次出现,表现出显著的向南传输的特征;海西区细颗粒污染主要集中在近地面层,受人为源排放累积影响,粗颗粒则是由外源输入,并沉降至近地面附近;冷空气南下过程中,在由锋前暖区的静稳条件向冷锋过境转变时,气溶胶污染由局地累积向区域传输转变,颗粒物尺度也从细颗粒物转变为粗颗粒物.海西区空气总体较为清洁,在污染相对较小条件下,颗粒物污染是通过多来源、多尺度的污染物造成的,是受细颗粒局地源产生和输送及外源粗颗粒物的输入和沉降共同影响的.     

Species of Trace Metals,Organic Residues and Humic Substances in Sediments From the Taiwan Erhjin River and Coastal Areas

Abstract

Total organic carbon, humic substances, and the species of trace metals (including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn and Fe) in six and seven phases, such as bioexchangeable (P1), skeletal (carbonates, P2), easily reducible (Fe and Mn oxides, P3), moderately reducible (crystalline Mn oxides, P4), organic matters with sulphides (P5), and detritus with minerals (P6) as well as organic with humic substances (PB4) and organic residues (PB6), were analyzed in sediments from the Taiwan Erhjin coastal (including river and estuarine) area, where places we found the copper pollution. Results indicate that higher percentages of P1 and P2 for copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and manganese in samples collected in March and September of 1990 were much higher than those in P3-P6. High percentages of chromium and iron in samples respectively collected in March and September of 1990 were found in P6. for the seven phase analysis, higher percentages of copper species in PB4 and PB6 as well as iron species in PB7 were observed. On the other hand, purified humic acid with the high contents of manganese and iron in humic acid as well as purified fulvic acids were generally found at the upstream stations; and low values at coastal stations. However, extremely high copper (as high as 1750μg g^?1, dry weight in fulvic acid and 820μg g^?1 in humic acid) and lead (821μg g^?1 in humic acid) concentrations with relatively high manganese and iron concentrations were observed in humic substances from the station near the copper recycling area. Comparing the results obtained from the Antarctic Ocean sediments with those from the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal sediments, the human impacts on the latter are evaluated.     

The Reuse of Urban and Industrial Waste in Tai-Lin-Pu Reclamation Project,Taiwan

Abstract

This study introduces the principles of KMG's (Kaoshiung Municipal Government) dealing with the non-poisonous urban and industrial waste through reclamation of shore land in reinforcing a sense of coastal protection and land development in Tai-Lin-Pu coastal area, southern Taiwan.

Through a series of experimental studies, we found that substitutes of coarse aggregate with a broad spectrum of integrating slag powder, fly ash, and cementitious material can be obtained with a benefit up to 80% saving of cement. the integrated aggregates from the non-poisonous industrial wastes were subsequently made into armour units and used in the field tests at Tai-Lin-Pu coastal area, where the shorelines are seriously eroded. After being subjected to several severe typhoon advents, the results showed that the waste-made units used as the protection breakwater, together with construction wastes and excavated soil as the filling material, prove to be an effective practice in utilizing recycled urban waste to reclaim erosive shore lands. Moreover, this study also demonstrates that through detailed analysis of the waste characteristics, scrap material could be turned into valuable construction aggregates, and highlights the value of non-poisonous urban and industrial waste as a alternative resource for the shore protection engineering.     

Species of Trace Metals, Organic Residues and Humic Substances in Sediments From the Taiwan Erhjin River and Coastal Areas

Total organic carbon, humic substances, and the species of trace metals (including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn and Fe) in six and seven phases, such as bioexchangeable (P1), skeletal (carbonates, P2), easily reducible (Fe and Mn oxides, P3), moderately reducible (crystalline Mn oxides, P4), organic matters with sulphides (P5), and detritus with minerals (P6) as well as organic with humic substances (PB4) and organic residues (PB6), were analyzed in sediments from the Taiwan Erhjin coastal (including river and estuarine) area, where places we found the copper pollution. Results indicate that higher percentages of P1 and P2 for copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and manganese in samples collected in March and September of 1990 were much higher than those in P3-P6. High percentages of chromium and iron in samples respectively collected in March and September of 1990 were found in P6. for the seven phase analysis, higher percentages of copper species in PB4 and PB6 as well as iron species in PB7 were observed. On the other hand, purified humic acid with the high contents of manganese and iron in humic acid as well as purified fulvic acids were generally found at the upstream stations; and low values at coastal stations. However, extremely high copper (as high as 1750μg g^-1, dry weight in fulvic acid and 820μg g^-1 in humic acid) and lead (821μg g^-1 in humic acid) concentrations with relatively high manganese and iron concentrations were observed in humic substances from the station near the copper recycling area. Comparing the results obtained from the Antarctic Ocean sediments with those from the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal sediments, the human impacts on the latter are evaluated.     

滇、桂、粤、闽、台灾害链讨论

由于对洪水、台风和巨大风暴潮的长期预测尚有一定困难，因之需要多学科进行综合研究。本文通过对滇、桂、粤、闽、台地区历史上大震后同年或次年发生上述重大气象灾害的事实，讨论了灾害链的预测，同时也讨论了灾害链的形成机制，包括构造活动、北回归线效应以及孟加拉湾大桥活动的双重后果。文中还提出了4条减灾对策。     

台湾海峡区域防灾减灾信息服务系统研究

台湾海峡及其周边海域是我国海洋灾害发生的重点区域,充分利用我国在该区域投入巨资构建的海洋动力环境实时立体监测系统所获取的海洋动力参数数据,构建区域性防灾减灾信息服务系统具有重要的意义.从台湾海峡海洋动力环境立体监测数据防灾减灾应用和网络服务角度出发,提出了防灾减灾信息服务的数据服务、信息服务和决策服务等3个层次的划分方法,研究了基于数据仓库、XML、中间件和基于地球球体模型的三维可视化等的服务技术实现策略.提出的防灾减灾信息服务系统构建技术充分考虑了不间用户的应用需求,并通过工程化实践提升了我国海洋动力环境立体监测信息的广泛共享和深度应用的层次.     

福建省台湾入境游客市场预测模型分析

随着海峡两岸旅游区的发展,对台湾旅游市场进行预测可以更好地帮助福建省制定对台旅游发展战略和市场开发模式。通过对目前较为实用的两种预测模式——回归分析和灰色预测进行分析比较得出指数模型在游客预测中的优越性,从而得出相应的预测模型。对未来几年游客量进行预测,从定量分析的角度对福建省开展对台旅游提出依据。     

Characterization of dissolved organic carbon and Humic substances in the well water of the Blackfoot disease area in Taiwan

Since the early 1960s, many investigators have reported that blackfoot disease, a peripheral vascular disease, observed in southwestern Taiwan is due to drinking the higher arsenic concentration in well water. However, recent studies indicated that the relationship with blackfoot disease is not only with arsenic but also humic substances. This paper presents some results concerning the characterization (such as fluorescence, elemental composition, molecular weight and carbon distribution) of humic substances isolated from the Fuhsing well water of the blackfoot disease area. For comparison, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and humic substances in the normal well water from Chiuying and the Nanwan coastal water were also analyzed. In general, in the well water of the blackfoot disease area, extremely high concentrations of DOC (18.5mg/L) and fulvic acid (7.54mg/L) with high fluorescence intensity (59.1, equivalent to 0.0282uM quinine sulfate solution) and high percentages (over 50%) of low molecular weights of less than 1,000 were obtained compared with those of normal waters. C‐13 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a high content (37.2%) of aromatic carbon. These higher concentrations of DOC and fulvic acid with the higher content of aromatic carbon in well water might be one of the key factors causing the blackfoot disease in Taiwan.     

Applications of Satellite Remote Sensing to Marine Pollution Studies

There are two approaches in the application of satellite sensors to marine pollution studies. Satellite sensors are used to observe and characterize ocean pollutants such as industrial wastes and oil. in addition, satellite observations provide information useful in illuminating processes such as eutrophi-cation or air-sea exchange of CO₂, that are important in determining the distribution and fate of pollutants.

Satellite technology is an important tool in monitoring and studying ocean pollution. Visible sensors have been used to observe and characterize sewage sludge and industrial wastes dumped at sea. Oil slicks have been observed with Landsat, AVHRR and SAR imagery. Besides directly detecting pollutants, satellite sensors are useful for analyzing ocean processes that are influential in the fate of pollutants. These processes include eutrophication of coastal waters and the distribution of suspended matter. the fate of excess CO₂ can be addressed using scatterometer-derived estimates of wind speeds to determine the CO₂ exchange coefficient at the sea surface on a global scale.     

Trophic field overlap: A new approach to quantify keystone species

It is a current challenge to better understand the relative importance of species in ecosystems, and the network perspective is able to offer quantitative tools for this. It is plausible to assume, in general, that well-linked species, being key interactors, are also more important for the community. Recently a number of methods have been suggested for quantifying the network position of species in ecological networks (like the topological importance metric, TI). Most of them are based on node centrality indices and it may happen that the two most important species in a food web have very similar interaction structure and they can essentially replace each other if one becomes extinct. For conservation considerations it is a challenge to identify species that are richly connected and, at the same time, have a relatively unique and irreplaceable interaction pattern. We present a new method and illustrate our approach by using the Kuosheng Bay trophic network in Taiwan. The new method is based on the interaction matrix, where the strength of the interaction between nodes i and j depends only on topology. By defining a threshold separating weak and strong interactors, we define the effective range of interactions for each graph node. If the overlaps between pairs of these ranges are quantified, we gain a metric expressing how unique is the interaction pattern of a focal node (TO). The combination of centrality (TI) and uniqueness (TO) is called topological functionality (TF). We compare the nodal importance rank provided by this metric to others based on a variety of centrality measures. The main conclusion is that shrimps seem to have the most unique interaction pattern despite that their structural importance has been underestimated by all conventional centrality indices. Also, our network analysis suggests that fisheries disturb the ecosystem in a more critical network position than the impingement by the local power plant.