中国台湾地区对社会第三方环境检测机构的管理与启示

介绍了中国台湾地区对社会第三方环境检测机构的管理历程与资质认定办法,并借鉴其日常监管方式,提出了完善法律制度,实现行业主管部门的监管,建立质量管理体系,提升第三方机构的能力水平,强调以预防为主的动态管理,促进环境检测市场良性发展等建议。     

Background levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants in humans from Taiwan: Perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have recently received attention due to their widespread contamination of the environment. PFOS and PFOA are stable in the environment and resistant to metabolism, hydrolysis, photolysis and biodegradation. PFOS and PFOA have been found in human blood and tissue samples from both occupationally exposed workers and the general worldwide population. This study aimed to determine the background levels of PFOS and PFOA in the Taiwanese population, investigate related factors, and compare exposure in Taiwan to that in other countries. The concentration of PFOS in the 59 serum samples collected from the general population in Taiwan ranged from 3.45 to 25.65 ng mL⁻¹ (median: 8.52), and the concentration of PFOA ranged from 1.55 to 7.69 ng mL⁻¹ (median: 3.22). There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.51; p < 0.0001) between PFOS and PFOA concentrations. Males had higher concentrations of PFOA and PFOS than females. PFOS levels in serum increased with age. This study is the first investigation to reveal the PFOS and PFOA levels of serum samples in the general population of Taiwan. The levels of PFOS and PFOA in Taiwanese serum samples were comparable with those from other countries (PFOS: 5.0–35 ng mL⁻¹, PFOA: 1.5–10 ng mL⁻¹).     

Using cluster analysis to explore mortality patterns associated with tropical cyclones

Understanding the circumstances and conditions surrounding disaster‐attributed deaths may contribute to designing and implementing emergency preparedness and response programmes. This paper introduces a three‐step cluster analysis of multiple binary variables to investigate mortality patterns related to tropical cyclones. It is designed to overcome the difficulties of performing cluster analysis in a disaster database that is composed in part of nominal variables and is unavoidably incomplete owing to missing information. The first step in the process codes all variables as binary data in order to accommodate the nominal variables. The second step calculates Spearman's rank correlation coefficients for pairs of variables. And the third step subjects the correlation coefficients to cluster analysis. Data related to 1,575 deaths attributed to tropical cyclones (also known as typhoons) that struck Taiwan between 2000 and 2015 are used to illustrate the method. The results yield two distinct groups of variables that are worthy of further exploration.     

基于闽台对比的福建耕地变化趋势演绎

闽台因其区域自然背景及历史文化的相似性和经济发展时序递差性成为区域对比研究的理想对象之一。利用闽台相关统计资料对比显示,闽台耕地变化共同呈现出先增后减、时有波动、总体减少的特点,但台湾耕地的先增后减时序后移,并且减少的总趋势较缓。以各市县平均耕地产出计算,福建新增耕地质量低于被占耕地质量,而台湾正好相反。文章最后通过对福建2010年耕地面积的多元回归预测以及闽台耕地对比演绎,说明福建要实现耕地保护目标,除了依靠严格的耕地保护政策外,依靠农业以及非农业的发展,提高现有耕地综合生产力更为重要。     

海西城市群PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征及健康风险评价

采集2010~2011年海西城市群PM_(2.5)样品,用粒子激发-X射线发射技术(PIXE)方法测试样品中痕量重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cr、As)的浓度,分析痕量重金属的污染特征、富集程度和来源,并进行重金属对人体健康风险的评价.结果表明,PM_(2.5)中重金属总浓度的时空分布特征与PM_(2.5)的不一致,这与PM_(2.5)的某些主要贡献源(如建筑尘和扬尘等)并非痕量重金属的贡献源有关.PM_(2.5)中Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cr、As等重金属的EF值均高于10,呈明显的人为源富集现象.主成分-多元线性回归(PCA-MLR)解析结果显示,PM_(2.5)中痕量重金属主要有3种来源,即燃煤和机动车尾气(70.59%)、混合源(燃煤、燃油和冶炼行业,17.55%)以及其他工业源(11.86%).健康风险评价结果显示,PM_(2.5)中致癌重金属(Ni、Cr、As)的风险值高于非致癌重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn)风险值,但均低于一般可接受风险水平(10-6),说明海西城市群大气环境PM_(2.5)中重金属未对人体健康造成危害.     

The road to environmental participatory governance in Taiwan: collaboration and challenges in incineration and municipal waste management

Waste management has been a problem for Taiwanese society over the past two decades due to rapid economic growth and urbanisation. The building of incinerators, however, has stimulated controversies and social discontent over the impacts of incineration on both environmental and human health. In Beitou, a district in the capital city of Taiwan, not-in-my-backyard activism was launched against the building of an incinerator, but the community later promoted the idea of a ‘zero-waste city’ and played a role in the decision by Taipei's government. Using in-depth qualitative interview methods to interview local community actors, and green society members to understand the dynamics between actors, this research discusses these changes and employs the participatory governance approach to networks among residents of the local community and other actors. This paper also concludes that there has been a power shift in state–citizen relationships at the local level, deepening and consolidating democratic politics in Taiwan.     

A disaggregated emissions inventory for Taiwan with uses in hybrid input‐output life cycle analysis (IO‐LCA)

This paper reports on a life‐cycle analysis (LCA) of Taiwan's “agriculture and forestry”, “crude petroleum, coal and natural gas extraction” and “electricity generation” sectors, revealing for the first time Taiwan's CO₂ and CH₄ emissions inventories and matching Taiwan's input‐output sectors. Integrated hybrid input‐output life cycle analysis is used to disaggregate the electricity generation sector into nuclear, hydro, gas, oil and coal, and cogeneration. Results show that the fossil‐fuel‐related electricity sub‐sectors have higher CO₂ emissions intensity than the remaining sectors in the economy and that the “paddy rice” sector is Taiwan's most CH₄‐intensive sector, making rice cultivation an important source of CH₄ emissions. This work is vital to sound policy decisions concerning power generation, coal, and agriculture and forestry at the national level.     

Atmospheric mercury pollution at an urban site in central Taiwan: mercury emission sources at ground level

Total gaseous mercury (Hg) (TGM), gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM), and particulate-bound Hg (PBM) concentrations and dry depositions were measured at an urban site in central Taiwan. The concentrations were 6.14 ± 3.91 ng m⁻³, 332 ± 153, and 71.1 ± 46.1 pg m⁻³, respectively. These results demonstrate high Hg pollution at the ground level in Taiwan. A back trajectory plot shows the sources of the high TGM concentration were in the low atmosphere (<500 m) and approximately 50% of the air masses coming from upper troposphere (>500 m) were associated with low TGM concentrations. This finding implies that Hg is trapped in the low atmosphere and comes from local Hg emission sources. The conditional probability function (CPF) reveals that the plumes of high TGM concentrations come from the south and northwest of the site. The plume from the south comes from two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). However, no significant Hg point source is located to the northwest of the site; therefore, the plumes from the northwest are hypothesized to be related to the combustion of agricultural waste. Dry deposition fluxes of Hg measured at this site considerably exceeded those measured in North America. Overall, this area is regarded as a highly Hg contaminated area because of local Hg emission sources.     

Cultural issues in post‐disaster reconstruction: the case of Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan

Most members of Taiwan's indigenous communities live in areas that are prone to natural disasters. Yet, due to their marginalised cultural, economic and political status, each time such calamities strike, any assistance they receive is usually provided without considering their actual needs. The areas hardest hit by Typhoon Morakot in August 2009 were the indigenous villages in the southern and eastern parts of the island. After the initial emergency relief efforts had been completed, there remained the highly challenging task of reconstruction and the resettlement of those who lost their homes and livelihoods. This paper examines the cultural conflicts that arose during the reconstruction process, with special emphasis on the participation of Taiwan's indigenous communities and their capacity for resilience. It was found that community participation and identification are key issues in effective disaster governance.     

台湾新北市环境保护经验介绍及对南京的启示

新北市位于台湾本岛最北端,东北与基隆市为邻,东南接宜兰县,西邻桃园县,中间环绕台北市。新北地形以盆地、谷地为主。对比分析了南京市与新北市在社会经济、环境质量现状、环保体制机制方面的差异,介绍了新北市在在河川治理、空气质量改善、生活垃圾处理处置以及环保宣教等环保工作中的经验和做法,最后,对南京的环保工作提出了几点建议,以供决策参考。