珠江口沉积物中生物有效性硅的赋存形态及释放研究

运用A Tessier逐步化学连续提取法,研究了珠江口沉积物中各种生物有效性硅:Ⅰ-可交换离子态、Ⅱ-碳酸盐结合态、Ⅲ-铁锰氧化物结合态、Ⅳ-有机质和硫化物结合态.研究表明:表层沉积物中,Ⅲ为优势赋存态.在沉积柱C2中,Ⅲ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅰ,Ⅰ、Ⅱ随深度变化无规律性,Ⅲ随深度先升高后下降,Ⅳ表层含量较高,到达一定深度(18 cm左右)后骤降.释放试验表明:振荡在一定时间内有利于硅释放;而盐度对硅释放的影响比较复杂,低盐度(5%以内),随盐度升高,释放量下降.当盐度继续升高时释放量又增加,但高盐度对硅释放影响不大;硅的释放在pH值=3～8范围内随着pH值升高而减少.     

采用节水措施促进秦皇岛市水资源可持续发展

水资源是人类生存与发展最宝贵的自然资源,是任何其他资源都无法取代的、有限的资源.中国人均水资源量只有世界人均占有量的四分之一,是一个水资源贫乏的国家.秦皇岛市人均水资源量为597 吨/年,是全国平均值的1/4左右,属于缺水城市.在可供水不断减少的情况下,水资源需求量又在不断增加,因此,未来水资源的短缺形势将更为严峻,以水资源紧张为特征的水危机将会不断加剧.面对水资源短缺危机,节水成为秦皇岛市水资源可持续利用的根本出路.     

长江河口水体有机污染物现状分析

对枯水期和丰水期长江河口区5个断面不同深度水样进行检测,共检出有机物200余种,其中定量检出的有机物达53种,有36种属美国EPA控制的有毒有机化合物,列入中国环境优先控制污染物黑名单的有16种.枯水期N-二甲基亚硝胺含量较高,最高值约为1.2 mg·L-1.丰水期2,4-二硝基酚、邻苯二甲酸二丁基苯基酯含量较高,最高值分别约为1.3和1.0 mg·L-1.底层水中有机污染物浓度高于表层和中层.     

长江中游城市群经济-城市-社会-环境耦合度空间差异分析

以长江中游城市群的36个城市为例,构建了经济发展、城市化、社会保障、生态环境综合评价指标体系,运用耦合度模型评估了36个城市2011~2013年的耦合度,并利用GIS技术分析系统的得分与耦合度的空间分布特征。结果表明:长江中游城市群的36个城市的经济发展、城市化和社会保障水平的空间分布比较相似,三者间存在显著的正相关关系。但是,存在显著性的地区差异。36个城市生态环境得分均值很高,城市之间差异很小。从耦合度的空间分布来看,长江中游城市群明显存在3个高耦合度的聚集区域,即长株潭城市圈,武汉-南昌(含鄂州、黄石和九江)城市带和鄂北4市,即十堰、襄阳、宜昌和荆门。最后,36个城市之间耦合度的差异呈现逐年缩小的趋势。     

长三角地区城市土地利用集约度区域分异研究

土地短缺逐渐成为制约长三角地区经济迅速发展的关键要素。集约利用土地,不断提高城市土地利用效率,是解决长三角地区土地资源稀缺。缓解人地关系矛盾的必然选择。从土地利用强度．产出效率、生态效益、可持续利用程度四方面阐释城市土地利用集约度内涵．以此构建适合长三角地区城市土地利用集约度评价的指标体系,同时运用GIS空间分析方法与技术对评价结果进行空间分异研究。并分析差异产生原因。结果表明：①长三角地区城市土地利用集约度水平差距较大。区位条件和经济发展水平是影响长三角地区城市土地利用集约度的重要因素。②长三角地区城市土地利用集约程度由北向南呈现明显的空间梯度差异特征。在空闾分布上具有微弱的正相关性。空间分异格局明显。③各城市土地集约利用中存在的问题不尽相同,须予以针对性改善提高。     

快速城市化背景下的思雅河流域水环境分析

通过对思雅河流域连续3年的水环境质量监测,结合遥感影像获得其土地利用类型变化,据此研究城市化对水环境的影响。结果表明:2012—2014年间思雅河流域自然、农业景观面积占比减少,而建设用地面积持续增加;研究期间除TDS年均值略微下降外,其余水质指标的年均值几乎均呈递增趋势,尤以TSS和COD增加最显著;TSS、COD、NH 3-N和TP的相对标准偏差均>0.1,显著高于其余参数,说明其波动程度较大。主成分分析表明水环境变化最主要的影响因子为第一主成分(TSS、COD、NH 3-N和TP)。贵安新区大学城建设活动加重了思雅河流域水体污染趋势。     

Responses of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Indicators of Water Quality to a Gradient of Agricultural Land Use in the Yakima River Basin, Washington

The condition of 25 stream sites in the Yakima River Basin, Washington, were assessed by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Multimetric condition indices were developed and used to rank sites on the basis of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. These indices showed that sites in the Cascades and Eastern Cascades ecoregions were largely unimpaired. In contrast, all but two sites in the Columbia Basin ecoregion were impaired, some severely. Agriculture (nutrients and pesticides) was the primary factor associated with impairment and all impaired sites were characterized by multiple indicators of impairment. All indices of biological condition (fish, invertebrates, and algae) declined as agricultural intensity increased. The response exhibited by invertebrates and algae suggested a threshold response with conditions declining precipitously at relatively low levels of agricultural intensity and little response at moderate to high levels of agricultural intensity. This pattern of response suggests that the success of mitigation will vary depending upon where on the response curve the mitigation is undertaken. Because the form of the community condition response is critical to effective water-quality management, the National Water-Quality Assessment Program is conducting studies to examine the response of biota to gradients of land-use intensity and the relevance of these responses to water-quality management. These land-use gradient pilot studies will be conducted in several urban areas starting in 1999.     

The Water Fluxes of the Yellow River to the Sea in the Past 50 Years, in Response to Climate Change and Human Activities

Since the 1970s, the water fluxes to the sea of the Yellow River have declined significantly. Based on data of precipitation, air temperature, the measured and “natural” river flow, the water diversion and consumption, and the areas of erosion and sediment control measures over the drainage basin, water fluxes to the sea of the Yellow River are studied in relation with the influences of changing climate and human activities. The Yellow River basin can be divided into different water source areas; multiple regression indicates that the variation in precipitation over different water source areas has different effect on water fluxes to the sea. In the period between 1970 and 1997, averaged air temperature over the whole Yellow River increased by about 1.0°C, from 16.5°C to 17.5°C, a factor that is negatively correlated with the water yield of the Yellow River. Water diversion and consumption has sharply increased and resulted in a significant decline in the water fluxes to the sea. Since the 1960s, erosion and sediment control measures have been practiced over the drainage basin. This factor, to a lesser degree, is also responsible for the decrease in water fluxes to the sea. A multiple regression equation has been established to estimate the change in water fluxes to the sea caused by the changes in precipitation, air temperature, water diversion and consumption, erosion, and sediment control measures, indicating that the contribution of water diversion and consumption to the variation in annual water flux to the sea is 41.3%, that of precipitation is 40.8%, that of temperature is 11.4%, and that of erosion and sediment control measures is 6.5%.     

Analysis of bank erosion on the Merced River,Yosemite Valley,Yosemite National Park,California, USA

Channel changes from 1919 to 1989 were documented in two study reaches of the Merced River in Yosemite National Park through a review of historical photographs and documents and a comparison of survey data. Bank erosion was prevalent and channel width increased an average of 27% in the upstream reach, where human use was concentrated. Here, trampling of the banks and riparian vegetation was common, and banks eroded on straight stretches as frequently as on meander bends. Six bridges in the upper reach constrict the channel by an average of 38% of the original width, causing severe erosion. In the downstream control reach, where human use was minimal, channel widths both decreased and increased, with a mean increase of only 4% since 1919. Bank erosion in the control reach occurred primarily on meander bends. The control reach also had denser stands of riparian vegetation and a higher frequency of large woody debris in channels. There is only one bridge in the lower reach, located at the downstream end. Since 1919, bank erosion in the impacted upstream reach contributed a significant amount of sediment (74,800 tonnes, equivalent to 2.0 t/km²/yr) to the river. An analysis of 75 years of precipitation and hydrologic records showed no trends responsible for bank erosion in the upper reach. Sediment input to the upper reach has not changed significantly during the study period. Floodplain soils are sandy, with low cohesion and are easily detached by lateral erosion. The degree of channel widening was positively correlated with the percentage of bare ground on the streambanks and low bank stability ratings. Low bank stability ratings were, in turn, strongly associated with high human use areas. Channel widening and bank erosion in the upper reach were due primarily to destruction of riparian vegetation by human trampling and the effect of bridge constrictions on high flow, and secondarily to poorly installed channel revetments. Several specific recommendations for river restoration were provided to park management.     

珠江三角洲人为氨源排放清单及特征

根据收集的珠江三角洲(珠三角)人为氨源的活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了该地区2006年人为氨源分类别和分城市的排放清单.结果表明:①2006年珠三角地区人为氨源NH3排放总量约为194.8kt;②农业源是珠江三角洲地区人为氨源的主要排放贡献源,其中畜禽源排放的NH3占总排放量的62.1%,其次是氮肥施用源,其贡献率为21.7%;③畜禽源中肉鸡是NH3排放最大贡献源,占畜禽源NH3排放总量的43.4%,其次是肉猪,其贡献率为32.1%;④广州是珠三角地区2006年人为氨源排放量最大的城市,其次是江门,分别占NH3总排放量的23.4%和19.1%,主要的排放源均为畜禽和氮肥施用源.