中国FDI区位选择的时空格局演进及影响因素分析

随着中国改革开放的深化和经济全球化的加剧,以全球经济首要“推动者与塑造者”的跨国公司为主体的外商直接投资（FDI）成为中国经济增长和区域发展不平衡的重要催化剂。引入空间自相关和空间自回归模型,用面板数据研究了1995～2009年中国FDI时空集聚特征及其动因。结果表明：各省份实际利用FDI的过程存在较强的空间自相关性,且相关性日渐增强。从总量上来看,仍主要集中在上海、广东、江苏等东部沿海经济发达地区,但是从增速来看,呈现向沿江的重庆、四川等投资条件相对较好的中西部内陆省份转移的趋势。从局部上看,呈现由外资集聚程度较高的省份向周边相邻省份扩散的趋势。空间滞后回归模型也进一步印证了空间依赖性对FDI区位选择的重要影响     

免疫粒子群算法优化的环境空气质量评价方法

为了提高免疫算法的收敛速度,将粒子群优化思想引入到免疫算法中,设计了一种免疫粒子群优化算法。采用该算法对大气污染损害公式的参数进行寻优,得到了适用于臭氧、PM2．5等6种大气污染物的环境空气质量评价的污染损害指数公式及环境空气质量评价模型。为了使评价结果更准确,采用了国家环保部最新发布的空气质量标准中给出的大气污染物种类、数目及各级浓度限值。将该评价方法应用于大气质量评价领域,实验结果表明,该方法评价结果准确,具有较好的灵活性、实用性和应用前景。     

Ecological Risk Assessment of Neem-Based Pesticides

Abstract

A tiered process was used to evaluate the risks of pure azadirachtin (AZA) and two neem-based insecticides (Neemix? and Bioneem?) on six aquatic animals [crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), water fleas (Daphnia pulex), and mosquito larvae (Culex quinquefasciatus)] through short term acute toxicity tests. The risk was calculated using the level of concern endpoints (Q values) and relative hazard index (RHI) for acute and chronic exposure scenarios. The Q values of Neemix?, Bioneem?, and pure AZA derived from acute exposure tests indicated that D. pulex is the only sensitive species to the test pesticides. Furthermore, the RHI values of Neemix? and Bioneem? for D. pulex were above the critical limit of 10 indicating that these pesticides may pose a moderate hazard to this species and related crustaceans in acute exposure scenarios. The RHI values of the two pesticides and pure AZA were all below the critical limit of 10 for P. clarkii, P. setiferus, P. pugio, C. sapidus, and C. quinquefasciatus. The aquatic risk assessment process showed that the risk values of tested pesticides did not exceed the criteria, and therefore, no ecological hazard is likely to result from their use.     

基于层次分析法的人工湿地减排绩效评估指标体系研究

绩效减排有助于发挥减排工程潜力,为水污染减排提供更大空间.结合人工湿地特点,以水污染物减排为主要目标,从减排治污、资源利用、经济和管理指标选择了12个评估指标,并基于层次分析法对各个评价因子的权重进行了确定和判断,构建了人工湿地减排绩效评估指标体系,评估人工湿地减排绩效.通过科学分析人工湿地的减排绩效,优化人工湿地规划、设计和管理水平.     

基于熵值法新疆循环经济发展综合评价分析

根据循环经济理论,针对新疆循环经济的发展,从资源可承载能力、环境发展、社会经济发展三个方面考虑建立新疆循环经济发展的综合评价指标体系,运用熵值法对新疆10年循环经济的发展水平进行综合评价,进而提出了相应的措施,包括完善法律法规体系、加快产业结构调整、加大政策鼓励力度、促进产业集聚等.     

Effects of bulking agent addition on odorous compounds emissions during composting of OFMSW

The effects of rice straw addition level on odorous compounds emissions in a pilot-scale organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) composting plant were investigated. The cumulative odorous compounds emissions occurred in a descending order of 40.22, 28.71 and 27.83 mg/dry kg of OFMSW for piles with rice straw addition level at ratio of 1:10, 2:10 and 3:10 (mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW on a wet basis), respectively. The mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW had a statistically significant effect on the reduction of malodorous sulfur compounds emissions, which had no statistically significant effect on the reduction of VFAs, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatics and ammonia emissions during composting, respectively. The cumulative emissions of malodorous sulfur compounds from piles with the increasing rice straw addition level were 1.17, 1.08 and 0.88 mg/dry kg of OFMSW, respectively. The optimal mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW was 1:5. Using this addition level, the cumulative malodorous sulfur compounds emissions based on the organic matter degradation were the lowest during composting of OFMSW.     

Growth and Histopathological Effects of Chronic Exposition of Marine Pejerrey Odontesthes argentinensis Larvae to Petroleum Water-Soluble Fraction (WSF)

The water-soluble fraction (WSF) of petroleum contains a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile hydrocarbons, phenols, and heterocyclic compounds, considered deleterious to aquatic biota. Marine “pejerrey” Odontesthes argentinensis (Teleostei: Atherinopsidae) has a great commercial importance in local fisheries and a high potential for aquaculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological effects in “pejerrey” larvae exposed to different concentrations of petroleum WSF. The chronic toxicity test was conducted with newly hatched larvae exposed for 21 days to sublethal concentrations of WSF (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 % of WSF), plus one control. Survival and growth were significantly lower in the highest concentration. Several histopathological changes were found in the gills (e.g., hyperplasia, aneurisms, edema, and necrosis), kidney (e.g., nuclear alterations, decrease in the hematopoietic cells), and liver (e.g., hypertrophy, karyorrhexis, and karyopyknosis). An index of branchial lesion was proposed to standardize gill lesions to different pollutants.     

南苕溪支流锦溪水质时空变化特征分析

综合运用灰色聚类法、综合污染指数法、等级聚类法就南苕溪支流锦溪近年水质时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明,锦溪入青山水库断面水质2005—2009年逐年改善,2007年后达到灰色聚类等级Ⅲ类水质要求;2009年秋季至2010年夏季期间秋、冬两季的污染程度高于春、夏季节;枯水期综合污染指数最高,但TN、TP污染分指数在丰水期最高,表明污染源中面源污染已占相当比例。空间变化方面从玲珑桥到江桥锦溪水质的综合污染指数不断提升,到江桥时达到极值13.25,锦溪末端三眼桥断面水质较江桥断面有所改善;SPSS空间聚类分析可分为轻污染区(从玲珑桥到冬韵桥)、重污染区(从群利桥到江桥)和中度污染区(从江桥到三眼桥)。锦溪上游农业区对河水中的COD、TN和TP的贡献率分别为66%、54%和49%,农业面源污染已成为制约锦溪水质改善的主要因素。     

神经网络模型在北海市空气日报污染指数计算中的应用

根据空气质量日报的实际需要,引入了Excel软件神经网络技术建立空气质量日报污染指数计算模型,采用LM算法提高了计算精度,并将模型应用于北海市空气日报。结果表明:此法较之实际公式计算法更加快捷方便,并且计算结果相当吻合。     

中国水利现代化进程的评价和展望

着眼于中国现代化建设的历史全局,从安全性需求保障度、经济性需求保障度、舒适性需求保障度以及水生态环境和谐度四个维度,构建了中国水利现代化评价指标体系。通过定量评价,本文测算了中国未来5年、10年、20年和40年的水利现代化实现程度。从评价结果来看,2000年,中国水利现代化综合实现程度为30%;2010年,水利现代化综合实现程度提高到46%,表明过去十年是水利现代化的快速提升期。预计到2015年,中国水利现代化实现程度将提高到56%;到2020年,水利现代化综合实现程度将提高到70%,总体上达到中等现代化的水平;到2030年,水利现代化综合实现程度达到91%,基本实现水利现代化,水利发展水平与经济高收入水平基本相适应。展望2030年以后,中国水利发展将进入水生态环境全面修复和保护的时期;至2050年,中国将实现人水和谐、山川秀美,全面建成绿色现代化。由于国家对水利工作的高度重视,可以预见,中国未来十几年的水利现代化进程会大大加快,有可能在2030年或更早时间基本实现水利现代化。