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Natural resources are limited, so we need to handle them carefully. Wastewater also belongs as a significant natural resource. The re-usage of wastewater is to save fresh water and for the preparation of raw materials or/and utilities. The wastewater re-usage distribution can be optimised using mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP), as a tool in combinations using the coordinates technique. The main goal of this MINLP coordinates technique was: i) wastewater and condensate, as produced during different industrial processes, could be collected for: utilities for steam-generation, and the preparations of raw materials; ii) wastewater and condensate could be collected within the main reservoir; iii) distributions from the main reservoir could be used with including different alternatives, which can reduce pollution, based on the re-usage of wastewater. Alternatives included in the optimization model represent potential solutions, which need to be evaluated on appropriate way.The MINLP coordinates technique for wastewater re-usage distribution was tested on existing formalin and methanol industrial processes, thus allowing the saving of water and generated by 280 kEUR/a profit. 相似文献
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2000~2010年贵州省植被净初级生产力时空变化研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了探明贵州省植被净初级生产力(NPP)在2000~2010年的变化状况,以2000~2010年植被NPP数据为基础,运用ArcG IS和SPSS进行综合分析。结果表明:近11年间,草地、城镇用地、阔叶林、针叶林和湿地等面积呈增加趋势,而灌木林和农田则持续减少,其中农田面积变化尤为明显;2000~2010年贵州省植被NPP变化较大,NPP变化范围为778~889 g/(m2·a),平均值为828.1 g/(m2·a),NPP缓慢上升趋势;全省NPP分布有明显地域性差异,铜仁和六盘水为显著增加(P0.05),其余地州市增加缓慢(P0.05)。黔东南年均NPP最高((927±111)g/(m 2·a)),毕节最低((725±107)g/(m2·a))。NPP变化趋势为东南向西北方向递减,而往西北方向NPP波动程度明显;阔叶林和灌木林缓慢下降,而针叶林和针阔混交林则上升。NPP表现为针阔混交林阔叶林针叶林灌木林。 相似文献
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Chlorpyrifos is one of the most extensively used insecticides in China. The distribution and residues of chlorpyrifos in a paddy environment were characterized under field and laboratory conditions. The half-lives of chlorpyrifos in the two conditions were 0.9–3.8 days (field) and 2.8–10.3 days (laboratory), respectively. The initial distribution of chlorpyrifos followed the increasing order of water < straw < soil, and soil was characterized as the major absorber. The ultimate residues in rice grain were below the maximum residue limit (MRL) with a harvest interval of 14 days. The chronic exposure for chlorpyrifos was rather low compared to the acceptable daily intake (ADI = 0.01 mg/kg bw) due to rice consumption. The chronic exposure risk from chlorpyrifos in rice grain was 5.90% and 1.30% ADI from field and laboratory results respectively. Concerning the acute dietary exposure, intake estimated for the highest chlorpyrifos level did not exceed the acute reference dose (ARfD = 0.1 mg/kg bw). The estimated short-term intakes (ESTIs) were 0.78% and 0.25% of the ARfD for chlorpyrifos. The results showed that the use of chlorpyrifos in rice paddies was fairly safe for consumption of rice grain by consumers. 相似文献
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为了解西安市高新区采暖期大气颗粒物(包括PM1 0和PM2.5)污染状况,于2013年1月1日到2013年3月15日在高新区进行了为期74 d的连续自动采样。结果表明:采样期间高新区PM1 0的小时浓度范围28~1744μg/m3,平均浓度为332μg/m3;PM2.5的小时浓度范围13~946μg/m3,平均浓度为207μg/m3。PM2.5占PM1 0的平均比例为63.8%。颗粒物浓度日变化呈现弱双峰特征,分别在凌晨2:00和上午7:00~8:00左右达到浓度最高值,但是上午的峰值并不明显。颗粒物在15:00~1 6:00之间浓度达到最低值,由于受采暖影响,18:00之后颗粒物浓度明显上升。 相似文献
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本文扼要记述了陕西1950~1992年重大地质(崩塌、滑坡、泥石流)灾害及发生年代、地点、灾情,为本区国土整治、区域开发提供了基础资料。 相似文献
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The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) attempts to portray the current character of a given ecosystem. This provides a Baseline against which future possible changes can be assessed. Ecosystems, however, are dynamic and in a constant state of change. Consequently, data representing a single year reflect conditions only for that year and can be misleading if compared against any other year. In addition to this temporal variation, considerable spacial variation exists in species composition and cover. Ample sampling is required to compensate for this heterogeneity. Variation, or background noise, can be minimized by the use of similarity indexes and sampling over a period of at least two years. 相似文献