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441.
This work considers the applicability of conservative tracers for detecting high-saturation nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) entrapment in heterogeneous systems. For this purpose, a series of experiments and simulations was performed using a two-dimensional heterogeneous system (10x1.2 m), which represents an intermediate scale between laboratory and field scales. Tracer tests performed prior to injecting the NAPL provide the baseline response of the heterogeneous porous medium. Two NAPL spill experiments were performed and the entrapped-NAPL saturation distribution measured in detail using a gamma-ray attenuation system. Tracer tests following each of the NAPL spills produced breakthrough curves (BTCs) reflecting the impact of entrapped NAPL on conservative transport. To evaluate significance, the impact of NAPL entrapment on the conservative-tracer breakthrough curves was compared to simulated breakthrough curve variability for different realizations of the heterogeneous distribution. Analysis of the results reveals that the NAPL entrapment has a significant impact on the temporal moments of conservative-tracer breakthrough curves. 相似文献
442.
40多年来秦皇岛市气候发生了明显的变化,致使农业气象灾害增加:第一,冬暖、倒春寒、春末高温等灾害频次增多,冬季低温冻害频次和程度减少;第二,冬旱、春旱、秋旱、秋冬连旱、冬春连旱增多,伏旱次数明显减少,盛夏洪涝频次减少;第三,低温连阴雨、高温干旱、干热风等灾害在频次和程度上均发生明显变化。因此,秦皇岛农业生产防灾减灾的重点和方法也适当调整。 相似文献
443.
444.
成都市区植被变化的遥感动态监测 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
利用1987年和2000年的TM影像,对成都市区植被动态变化进行了分析.首先, 利用1:25万数字地形图对2000年的TM影像进行几何校正,并将1987年的TM影像与其配准.其次,利用TM影像的第四和第三波段计算植被指数,根据植被指数提取植被.第三,对成都市区1987~2000年的植被进行了动态变化分析.研究表明,1987~2000年成都市区植被有增有减,但总的趋势是减少:增加部分集中在老城区,是人工绿化的结果;减少部分主要集中在市区西北和西南的面状区域以及因城市道路扩展而占用的线状区域,这是城市化的必然结果. 相似文献
445.
Duane A. Wells Paul F. Doyle 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2004,40(2):477-483
ABSTRACT: Snow course surveys in late winter provide stream‐flow forecasters with their best information for making water supply and flood forecasts for the subsequent spring and summer runoff period in mountainous regions of western North America. Snow survey data analyses are generally based on a 30‐year “normal” period. It is well documented that forest cover changes over time will affect snow accumulation on the ground within forests. This paper seeks to determine if forest cover changes over decades at long term snow courses decrease measured peak snow water equivalent (SWE) enough to affect runoff prediction. Annual peak SWE records were analyzed at four snow courses in two different forest types having at least 25 years of snowpack data to detect any decreases in SWE due to forest growth. No statistically significant decreases in annual peak SWE over time were found at any of these four snow courses. The wide range of annual winter precipitation and correspondingly highly variable peak snowpack accumulation, as well as many other weather and site variables, masked any minor trends in the data. 相似文献
446.
James W. Hornbeck 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1975,11(6):1257-1260
ABSTRACT: Experimental cuttings on two small, hardwood-forested watersheds in New England showed that annual streamflow can be increased as much as 41 percent. Most of the increase occurred in summer and early autumn when additional streamflow is most needed. Revegetation caused the annual increases to nearly disappear within 4 years after complete forest clearing. 相似文献
447.
陕西未来50年区域旱涝气候预测研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
用陕西省近526a的旱涝等级资料,根据超低频气候振动理论和尺度对应原理,通过旱涝气候对天体物理、太阳活动等周期,特别是ENSO对天体物理显著敏感的周期响应关系的物理统计分析,选取周期概率显著的周期,进行外延叠加集成预测,给出了未来50a陕西省不同区域旱涝趋势的预测结果. 相似文献
448.
Hu Angang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》1994,6(4):412-421
Populationgrowth,economicgrowth,technologychangesinrelationtoenvironmentalchanges──Atheoreticalmodellinganalysisofenvironment... 相似文献
449.
典型草原区土壤水分变化特征及影响因素分析 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
为了揭示典型草原区土壤水分时空变化规律,探讨主要影响因子,利用内蒙古两个站点近20年土壤水分观测资料和相应的气象资料,采用数理统计方法,分析了该区域土壤水分变化的基本事实和统计特征及影响因子,得出:年内土壤水分基本呈双峰曲线变化,春季化冻(04-08)到入冬前(10-18)的土壤水分平均相差5.3mm,大多数年份土壤水分年内可以达到平衡;年际变化有每隔7~8年走势发生改变的趋势;垂直向水分变化主要发生在60cm以上土层中,近几年深层变幅有增大的倾向;蒸降差与土壤水分变化呈相反趋势,生长季蒸降差对土壤水分的干扰最大.样本站0~50cm土层的最大容水量为85mm和135mm,多数时期土壤相对含水量平均在40%~60%以上,有较强的调蓄能力. 相似文献
450.
Grasshoppers of the Chorthippus albomarginatus-group, which is outstanding with respect to its complex courtship song, were studied at fifteen localities in the Ukraine
and Moldova. The analysis of the courtship songs revealed two species: C. albomarginatus in north-eastern Ukraine and Chorthippus oschei in the south-western Ukraine and Moldova. In a belt about 200 km wide, not only were one or the other pure species found,
but also males with intermediate song characters. C. albomarginatus and C. oschei were hybridised in the laboratory, and F1 hybrid males as well as F2 hybrid males produced intermediate song patterns, quite
similar to those recorded in the field. We defined a "hybrid song score" for intermediate songs. The score showed a bimodal
distribution with most songs resembling one or other parental type, but with only a few intermediates. At several localities,
where hybrids with songs similar to one of the parental species dominated, some individual males sang more similarly to the
other species. In one locality, two hybrid populations only 3 km apart had different parental types. Hybrid songs can contain
novel elements, even more complex than the parental ones, which may offer a new starting point for sexual selection. We suggest
that genetic introgression occurs between the two sibling species C. albomarginatus and C. oschei within a wide hybrid zone stretching over a distance of several hundred kilometres, but with a patchy spatial distribution.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article if you access the article at . A link in the frame on the left on that page takes you directly to the supplementary material.
Communicated by D. Gwynne 相似文献