基于驾驶适宜性检测的沙漠公路驾驶员生理、心理特性研究

采用驾驶适宜性检测仪器,在塔克拉玛干沙漠公路沿线进行驾驶员心理、生理特性的现场测试。结果表明,沙漠公路特殊的环境条件,使得驾驶员表现出有别于一般绿洲公路的心理和行为特性,其主要表现在:驾驶员动体视力较静体视力的平均降幅为44.75%,最高竟达到93%;速度估计和复杂反应时间均小于全国平均;复杂反应错误次数和处置判断错误次数均高于绿洲公路。灰色关联分析表明,沙漠公路驾驶员的年龄、驾龄、驾车时间以及气温与驾驶员的各项生理、心理特性指标都具有较强的相关性,关联度最高达到0.837,其中驾车时间对各项指标的影响最大。     

整装沙漠油田废水零排放的研究探索

文章介绍了陆梁油田通过对采出水处理工艺进行优化,并将其应用于油田水处理厂罐内喷淋除气技术等工艺;污水回收工艺作业废液处理采用二段式自然除油沉降原理进行预处理;利用反应吸附技术进行废液二次处理,生活污水一元化处理等工艺,对油田废水进行处理回注。年节约费用671.8万元,实现废水零排放,达到了环境保护和经济效益双赢的目的,为沙漠油田污水处理提供借鉴。     

Pashmina production and socio‐economic changes in the Indian Changthang: Implications for natural resource management

A unique pastoral community uses the arid rangelands of eastern Ladakh, known as Changthang, northern India. The nomadic people rear a variety of livestock such as sheep, goats, horses and yaks, which provide them with various goods and services. Nevertheless, the needs and aspirations of the people are changing. There is a trend towards increasing the livestock population, especially of a breed of goat that produces one of the finest natural fibres: Pashmina, which is the mainstay of their economy. This increase in goat population, however, is jeopardising the long‐term survival of the wild herbivores in the region, and as such is not sustainable. We present information on the current trends in socio‐economy, Pashmina production, wildlife conservation, and the conflicts of interest between wildlife and nomads in the region. On the basis of this information, we make suggestions for the conservation of natural resources in the region. We recommend preserving the historical societal norms and notions of the people, and capitalising on them to manage natural resources. We also recommend joint management of natural resources by the local people, State and non‐governmental organisations. Our findings provide a platform on which a grazing policy for the region may be formulated.     

荒漠河岸多枝柽柳灌丛碳氮磷化学计量特征及其影响因素

为了解群落水平下荒漠河岸多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.）灌丛的碳氮磷化学计量特征及其影响因素,在黑河下游荒漠河岸3 800 m范围内,沿垂直河道方向上设置9个采样点,采用相关性分析、冗余分析（RDA）和偏冗余分析（pRDA）方法,对多枝柽柳群落的碳氮磷化学计量格局及其与环境因子的关系进行研究.结果表明:黑河下游荒漠河岸多枝柽柳群落TC、TN、TP含量平均值分别为380.27、30.42和1.54 mg/g,C:N、C:P和N:P平均值分别为12.98、257.09和20.04.与全球和区域尺度物种水平研究相比,黑河下游荒漠河岸多枝柽柳灌丛群落具有较低的TC含量、较高的TN含量和N:P以及相对稳定的TP含量.多枝柽柳灌丛群落碳氮磷化学计量特征变异系数相对较小,内稳性较强,相对较高的N:P（14.55~27.20）表明群落水平下多枝柽柳灌丛更倾向于受磷元素的限制.在沿河梯度上,多枝柽柳群落TC含量和TN含量均随沿河距离的增加呈显著下降的变化趋势,而C:N随沿河距离的增加呈波动上升的变化趋势;TP含量呈先降后升的变化趋势,而C:P和N:P大致呈先上升后下降的变化趋势.多枝柽柳灌丛群落的碳氮磷化学计量特征与土壤理化属性存在一定相关性,土壤含水量、土壤容重和土壤pH是影响多枝柽柳群落碳氮磷化学计量特征变化的关键因子,三者共同解释了总变异的57.7%,其中土壤含水量解释了总变异的32.8%.研究显示,土壤水盐与多枝柽柳灌丛的碳氮磷化学计量特征关系密切,土壤含水量在解释多枝柽柳灌丛碳氮磷化学计量特征变化方面比土壤pH更为重要.      

腾格里沙漠民勤沙丘CO_2浓度与昼夜变化规律研究

为查明沙漠区CO2浓度和对大气CO2的影响以及在全球碳循环中的作用,利用红外CO2监测仪于2009年9月对腾格里沙漠民勤实验点不同类型不同深度的沙层CO2含量变化进行了昼夜连续观测.根据12个钻孔CO2浓度的昼夜观测结果可知,民勤沙漠区不同观测点CO2浓度差异较大,各观测点昼夜CO2浓度变化在310×10-6～2 630×10-6之间;夜间沙层CO2浓度低,白天CO2浓度高;CO2浓度在深度上也有明显的差异,不同深度CO2浓度由大到小的顺序是:4 m(3m)2 m1m;与温带半湿润的西安地区相比,位于极端干旱区的民勤沙漠区CO2浓度显著低;CO2浓度昼夜变化明显,从当日09:00左右到次日09:00左右均呈现由低到高再到低的变化规律;在沙层水分一定的条件下,昼夜温度变化是造成沙层CO2浓度昼夜变化的主要原因,两者呈显著正相关关系;含水量较高沙层CO2浓度明显高于含水量较低沙层,沙层含水量高低是决定沙层CO2浓度的主要因素;4 m深度以上沙层CO2浓度均高于地表空气CO2浓度,表明极端干旱的沙漠区可能是CO2的来源区,也指示环境恶劣的裸露流动沙丘微生物活动产生的沙层CO2浓度仍然超过了大气CO2浓度.     

我国北方荒漠化地区主要灌木种的物候学研究

采用中国科学院沙坡头沙漠试验研究站１９８７～１９９７年物候连续观测资料,研究了我国主要荒漠灌木种在该地区的物候学特征,并分析了与温度、降水、光照、风速等环境因子的相关性,结果表明,均温与光照是这些灌木主要物候期的主导因子。通过聚类分析确立了３个萌动期物候类型、３个展叶期物候类型和４个开花期物候类型。研究结果对荒漠化地区人工植被建设和生物多样性迁地保护具有重要的意义.     

不同人工措施对沙质荒漠生态恢复与重建初期效应的影响

机械措施与生物措施相结合是流沙治理行之有效的重要途径和方法。通过对4种不同人工措施干预治理流动沙地后其生态恢复初期(前3年)植被、土壤理化性质和水分动态变化进行了观测研究,并以流沙区为对照进行了对比分析。结果表明:沙质荒漠生态系统恢复变化首先始于各种机械措施所建立的稳定地面的形成,为天然植物的迅速增殖和侵入、人工固沙植物的介入、枯枝落叶的储存及流沙成土过程提供了必要的环境条件。枯枝落叶层的形成又为土壤-植物系统物质交换建立了介面,促进了流沙的成土过程。不同人工措施治理区0～200cm土壤平均含水量与流沙区土壤含水量相比差异不显著,说明土壤水分仍能保持流动沙地原有的水分平衡状态。但随着天然植被的恢复与人工固沙林生长,其对土壤水分的影响深度由干预前的40cm加深至第三年的160cm。系统内植物恢复与流沙成土过程的前期效果表明,草沙障或土沙障 固沙林措施优于塑料沙障 人工沙蒿和封育治理措施,是流动沙地得以快速治理的有效方法。从植被群落结构的变化看,人工植被在建立后第三年其生态功能才开始初见成效。     

祁连山中部四种典型生态系统土壤氮矿化的研究

水热因素对土壤氮矿化的影响直接关系到陆地生态系统功能对气候变化的响应趋势。祁连山是青藏高原北沿的典型山地,对气候变化影响十分敏感和脆弱,为了定量确定祁连山土壤氮分解对水热因素变化的响应趋势,在人工气候箱内以正交试验设计方法培养土壤,分析了祁连山高寒草甸、山地森林、荒漠草原和干草原土壤氮矿化及其与温度、湿度和土层的关系。结果显示:以土壤氮矿化量极差计,海拔高度影响最大,其次是温度和湿度;以土壤氮矿化比例极差计,温度和海拔高度影响较大。海拔高度对土壤氮矿化量的影响显著(p<0.05)。除湿度外,其它因素对土壤氮矿化比例影响也达到显著程度(p<0.10)。35℃下土壤氮矿化比例显著比5℃下高,而不同湿度下土壤氮矿化及其矿化比例差异不显著(p<0.05)。海拔高度3000m和3300m处土壤氮矿化量比2800m和2200m处高,2800m处比2200m处高,3000m处土壤氮矿化比例显著比2200m和3300m处高(p<0.05)。森林和干旱草原土壤中氮矿化比例较高,荒漠草原和高寒草甸中较低。以土壤氮矿化速率计,5℃升高到15℃下和15℃升到25℃,Q10较低;以土壤氮矿化比例计,5℃升高到15℃下,Q10较高,15℃到25℃较低。研究结果说明高寒草甸和山地森林土壤氮矿化量较高,干旱草原和荒漠草原土壤氮矿化量较低;森林和干旱草原中土壤氮矿化比例较高,荒漠草原和高寒草甸中较低。     

Multiyear monitoring of survival following mitigation-driven translocation of a long-lived threatened reptile

Translocation is used by managers to mitigate the negative impacts of development on species. Moving individuals to a new location is challenging, and many translocation attempts have failed. Robust, posttranslocation monitoring is therefore important for evaluating effects of translocation on target species. We evaluated the efficacy of a translocation designed to mitigate the effects of a utility-scale solar energy project on the U.S. federally listed Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). The species is a long-lived reptile threatened by a variety of factors, including habitat loss due to renewable energy development in the Mojave Desert and portions of the Colorado Desert in southern California (southwestern United States). We translocated 58 individual tortoises away from the project's construction site and intensively monitored them over 5 years (2012–2017). We monitored these individuals and tortoises located in the translocation release area (resident tortoises; n = 112) and control tortoises (n = 149) in a nearby location. We used our tortoise encounter data and known-fate survival models to estimate annual and cumulative survival. Translocated tortoises in each of 2 size classes (120–160 mm, >160 mm) did not survive at lower rates than resident and control tortoises over the study period. For models with different sets of biotic and abiotic covariates, annual and cumulative estimates of survival were always >0.87 and >0.56, respectively. Larger tortoises tended to have higher survival, but translocated tortoises were not differentially affected by the covariates used to model variation in survival. Based on these findings, our translocation design and study protocols could inform other translocation projects for desert species. Our case study highlights the benefits of combining rigorous scientific monitoring with well-designed, mitigation-driven management actions to reduce the negative effects of development on species of conservation concern.     

Long‐distance flights and high‐risk breeding by nomadic waterbirds on desert salt lakes

Understanding and conserving mobile species presents complex challenges, especially for animals in stochastic or changing environments. Nomadic waterbirds must locate temporary water in arid biomes where rainfall is highly unpredictable in space and time. To achieve this they need to travel over vast spatial scales and time arrival to exploit pulses in food resources. How they achieve this is an enduring mystery.  We investigated these challenges in the colonial‐nesting Banded Stilt (Cladorhynchus leucocephalus), a nomadic shorebird of conservation concern. Hitherto, Banded Stilts were hypothesized to have only 1–2 chances to breed during their long lifetime, when flooding rain fills desert salt lakes, triggering mass‐hatching of brine shrimp. Over 6 years, we satellite tagged 57 individuals, conducted 21 aerial surveys to detect nesting colonies on 14 Australian desert salt lakes, and analyzed 3 decades of Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery to quantify salt‐lake flood frequency and extent. Within days of distant inland rainfall, Banded Stilts flew 1,000–2,000 km to reach flooded salt lakes. On arrival, females laid over half their body weight in eggs. We detected nesting episodes across the species’ range at 7 times the frequency reported during the previous 80 years. Nesting colonies of thousands formed following minor floods, yet most were subsequently abandoned when the water rapidly evaporated prior to egg hatching. Satellite imagery revealed twice as many flood events sufficient for breeding‐colony initiation as recorded colonies, suggesting that nesting at remote sites has been underdetected. Individuals took risk on uncertain breeding opportunities by responding to frequent minor flood events between infrequent extensive flooding, exemplifying the extreme adaptability and trade‐offs of species exploiting unstable environments. The conservation challenges of nest predation by overabundant native gulls and anthropogenic modifications to salt lakes filling frequencies require investigation, as do the physiological and navigational mechanisms that enable such extreme strategies.