福州大学生环境公众参与意愿调查研究——以福州大学城部分高校为例

环境公众参与意愿调查研究是公众环境教育的重要组成部分之一,本文针对福州大学城部分在校大学生的环境知识、意识及行为进行问卷调查,分析得出福州大学生环境公众参与意愿的程度,从而进一步探索如何使大学生环境意识真正内化为自觉环境保护行动,为提高大学生在环境保护公众参与方面提出有意义的对策和建议。     

黄土塬区高层建筑钻孔灌注桩承载特性试验

本文针对西安黄土塬区某高层建筑钻孔灌注桩试桩的静载荷试验和应力测试结果,利用数值模拟技术分析了桩的载荷传递特性,结果表明:在该场地的工程地质条件下,此钻孔灌注桩为摩擦桩类型,桩端阻力仅占总荷载的0.40%~1.61%;随着桩端土与桩周土刚度比Eb/Es的增大,桩端传递给土层的荷载增加;随着桩的长径比L/d值的增大,桩端传递给土层的荷载减少。     

三峡水库蓄水对消落带土壤Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的影响

为揭示水位涨落形成系列淹水梯度对消落带土壤重金属含量的影响,论文采集三峡水库忠县消落带土壤,分析了不同淹水深度土壤Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量,并探讨了这些重金属元素物质来源及其与三峡水库水位涨落关系。结果表明：1）不同淹水深度下消落带土壤重金属含量差异较大,长期淹水土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量远远高于短期淹水和未淹水土壤,Cr则在不同淹水深度略有变化;2）除Cr相对独立外,不同淹水深度下土壤SOM、pH与土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量密切相关,但pH、SOM间仅有微弱的相关关系;3）因子分析中因子1和因子2对Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd的累计贡献率为93.47%,Cu、Zn、Cd在第一轴载荷值为0.962、0.967、0.925,Cr在第二轴载荷值为0.998。研究发现：1）重金属输入来源和流向异质性是决定不同淹水深度Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量差异的重要原因,长期淹水显著增加了土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量,但对Cr效应并不明显;2）区域土壤内Cr主要来源为自然源的土壤侵蚀和母岩风化,Cu、Zn、Cd来源于人为输入的库岸输入和长江上游来水悬浮颗粒沉积,应引起足够重视。     

新型高强不锈钢在海水中的腐蚀行为研究

目的 确定新型高强不锈钢在海水环境中的耐蚀性能和腐蚀机理。方法 通过海水浸泡试验、动电位极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗测试考察新型高强不锈钢在海水环境中的腐蚀性能,并结合金相显微镜观察、X射线衍射分析(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS),分析该不锈钢的组织结构和钝化膜组成。结果 新型高强不锈钢在海水中的自腐蚀电位稳定在0.012~0.020 V,点蚀电位为1.10 V,保护电位为0.89 V。海水中浸泡45 d后,电化学阻抗值仍然保持在10⁶ Ω.cm²数量级。这说明钝化膜表面并未出现点蚀的形核,钝化膜仍具有较好的保护性。该不锈钢具有典型的孪晶奥氏体结构,形成的钝化膜表层主要成分为FeOOH、Cr(OH)3等氢氧化物,内层成分主要为Fe3O4、Cr2O3、CrO3、单质Ni,具有较强的钝化膜修复能力。结论 该不锈钢在海水中具有良好的耐蚀性。     

南方稻区季节性干旱农户适应行为及其影响因素实证分析

气候异常给我国粮食生产带来的影响成为当前社会各界关注的焦点。受全球气候变暖影响,大范围持续性干旱成为农业生产的最严重威胁,特别是近年来南方稻区季节性干旱问题日趋严重,已严重危害到我国经济社会的和谐健康发展。因此,如何适应季节性干旱已成为当前全社会普遍关注的话题,农户作为农业生产的微观决策主体,其适应季节性干旱行为选择如何,其影响因素有哪些?此问题的解决是实现科学减灾的前提和基础。因此,论文利用南方稻区江西省41个县755份农户调查样本数据,从理论与实证上分析了季节性干旱农户适应行为及其影响因素,统计结果表明：面对季节性干旱时,68.6%的农户会采取相应的适应行为,并且补种（苗）、改种其他作物、调整播种和收获日期是农户最优先考虑采用的适应措施,而资金和劳力是农户采取适应行为措施最主要的限制因素。利用Probit回归模型、Poisson回归模型和Tobit回归模型实证分析了季节性干旱农户适应行为措施选择、采用规模和采用强度的影响因素,计量结果表明：社区资本、干旱发生频率、防灾信息的可获性等因素对农户适应行为采用意愿、规模和强度有正向影响,而所在村距最近公路远近和所处的地形特征对农户适应行为采用意愿、规模和强度有负向影响。因此,需要进一步丰富社区资本、加强农户防灾信息可获性以及加强交通基础设施建设等方面以促进农户采纳适应措施的积极性。     

Do bumble bee queens choose nest sites to maximize foraging rate? Testing models of nest site selection

We proposed “foundress-max” hypothesis that a bumble bee foundress chooses her nest site to maximize her energy intake rate from nectar. To examine the hypothesis, we estimated the maximum energy intake rate at each site in the study area and compared the distribution of the maximum energy intake rates with those of actual nest sites. We also calculated rank correlations of the maximum energy intake rate with the number of nest-searching foundresses at 54 sites. The nest locations supported the foundress-max hypothesis, but the number of nest-searching foundresses did not. This could be attributed to the density of food sites: many food sites may attract many foundresses. Therefore, we subsequently proposed “foundress-sum” hypothesis that a foundress chooses her nest site to maximize the sum of energy intake rates. The nest locations supported the foundress-max hypothesis more than the foundress-sum hypothesis. A profitable food site would affect foundresses’ nest site selection.     

中国化工产业佩尔兹曼效应实证研究

近年来中国化工产业事故频发,由此引发的安全、健康和环境问题日益突出.为了探讨化工事故产生的深层原因,建立了VECM对中国化工产业的佩尔兹曼效应进行检验.结果表明,短期看中国化工安全设施加强并没有显著提高化工安全水平的原因在于存在佩尔兹曼效应;长期看工人逆向选择的抵消效应趋于消失;化工工人安全意识薄弱是导致短期内安全设施投资加大、事故率不降反升的主要原因之一.该结论为完善化工安全规制政策提供了理论支撑.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水稻植株和田水中盐酸吗啉胍消解动态

2011—2012年在黑龙江肇东、河南祝楼、江苏句容三地通过田间试验,研究了盐酸吗啉胍在水稻植株和田水中的消解动态。水稻植株和田水采用UPLC-MS/MS正离子扫描测定残留的盐酸吗啉胍。结果表明,水稻植株和田水的3种添加浓度（0.005、0.05、0.5 mg·kg^-1）平均回收率分别为92.50%-109.20%和86.40%-107.20%,相对标准偏差分别为6.10%-6.90%和0.73%-3.10%。本方法在植株和田水中的最低检出浓度为0.005mg·kg^-1。从消解动力学方程可知,盐酸吗啉胍在水稻植株及田水中的消解半衰期分别为1.2-4.7、1.0-3.5 d。从结果判断盐酸吗啉胍属较易降解农药。     

Wasting ways: Perceived distance to the recycling facilities predicts pro-environmental behavior

The present study aims at providing an improved understanding of the environmental factors affecting pro-environmental behavior. To this end, we introduce the economic concept of bounded rationality to the domain of recycling behavior, hypothesizing that the subjective costs of recycling are a better predictor of an individual's tendency to recycle than the objective costs. At the chosen study site, recyclables needed to be disposed of at collection centers distributed throughout the city, allowing for the analysis of recycling-related costs by assessing the distance between participants’ residence and the nearest collection center. Results from an online questionnaire completed by N = 306 citizens indicate that the perceived distance to the recycling facilities is more closely related to recycling behavior than the actual distance. By means of hierarchical regression analyses, we demonstrate that the perceived distance explains unique variance in recycling behavior while the actual distance conveys only redundant information. Surprisingly, the predictive potential of participants’ distance estimates appeared to be significantly larger for recycling behavior than for recycling intention. The implications of our results are discussed with regard to potential opportunities to promote recycling behavior by targeting individuals’ biased perception of recycling-related costs.     

The relation of non-culpable traffic incidents to bus drivers' celeration behavior

PROBLEM: The driver celeration behavior theory predicts that celerations are associated with incidents for which the driver has some responsibility in causing, but not other incidents. METHOD: The hypothesis was tested in 25 samples of repeated measurements of bus drivers' celeration behavior against their incidents for two years. RESULTS: The results confirmed the prediction; in 18 samples, the correlation for culpable incidents only was higher than for all incidents, despite the higher means of the latter. Non-culpable incidents had correlations close to zero with celeration. DISCUSSION: It was pointed out that most individual crash prediction studies have not made this differentiation, and thus probably yielded underestimates of the associations sought, although the effect is not strong, due to non-culpable accident involvements being few (less than a third of the total). The methods for correct identification of culpable incident involvements were discussed.