非洲爪蟾胚胎用于发育神经毒性测试的方法

在美国材料与测试协会(ASTM)的非洲爪蟾胚胎致畸试验(FETAX)的基础上,以已知具有发育神经毒性的氯化甲基汞为模式化合物,探索一种以体征、运动神经元形态和运动行为参数为终点指标的研究发育神经毒性的方法.非洲爪蟾胚胎暴露氯化甲基汞3 d时,观察到暴露组胚胎的运动能力随暴露浓度(100—400 nmol·L-1)的增加而减弱.暴露4 d发现300 nmol·L-1和400 nmol·L-1暴露组胚胎体长和运动神经元明显短于对照组.暴露持续7 d,通过行为分析软件对蝌蚪运动行为定量,发现暴露处理的蝌蚪的游泳速率明显小于对照组.以上结果显示,非洲爪蟾胚胎可用来研究化学品的发育神经毒性,胚胎的体征、运动神经元形态和运动行为可以作为相对敏感的评价指标.     

基于行为安全的COACH模型与实践研究

基于行为安全理论的研究现状和应用实践的困境,提出了COACH模型,该模型在常规BBS基础上,更加强调对观察记录的跟踪和对观察者的控制与管理。在四川某企业开展了为期一年的应用实践,结果表明,该模型能够给出一套与业绩直接挂钩的管理体系,可以较好地解决常规BBS存在的问题。从问卷测量的结果来看,模型实施后,员工对企业的安全工作的认同得分从实施前的3.15分提高到3.97分,安全认同度得到较快的提高。     

建筑工人安全行为习惯的塑造策略与方法

为帮助建筑工人养成良好的安全行为习惯,基于操作性条件反射理论,在开展两轮调查的基础上,分析建筑工人的安全心理和行为特点及其安全行为习惯的特性,提出建筑工人安全行为习惯的塑造策略和方法,设计应用方案并进行评价。结果表明:安全行为习惯具有稳定性、自觉性和自动性;安全行为习惯塑造以低起点、小坡度、抓细节、重坚持、多实践为核心要求,以班组层面的塑造活动为核心任务;安全行为习惯塑造在过程体验和长期效果方面具有优势,但在强制力和针对性方面存在不足。     

煤矿组织安全行为对个体不安全行为的作用机理研究

为了探究煤矿组织安全行为对个体不安全行为的作用机理,总结国内外相关研究成果,提出个体不安全行为包含心理、生理、技能3个影响因素,涵盖记忆、思维、情绪、意志、性格、气质、能力、态度、知识、专业操作技能10个方面。在此基础上,构建了组织安全行为对个体不安全行为的结构方程模型（SEM）,运用统计分析方法（AMOS17.0）进行了验证分析。结果显示态度、情绪、意志、能力、专业操作技能容易受组织安全行为的影响,而性格、气质等因素由于是个体相对稳定的心理特征,受组织安全行为影响相对较小。深入研究煤矿组织安全行为对个体不安全行为的作用机理,有利于煤矿从组织安全行为入手有针对性的制定行为干预方案并控制个体不安全行为。     

疏散规模对亚区域人群疏散过程影响的模拟研究

为了研究不同疏散规模对疏散动态特征的影响,基于矢量模型构建城市亚区域人员疏散模型,采用个体行为模拟技术和矢量二维连续空 间解析方法对城市亚区域疏散中的个体行为进行模拟。通过设置不同的疏散规模,在Legion平台模拟分析疏散人口数对疏散运动时间、疏散速 率、空间使用率人员密度等疏散动态特征的影响。结果表明,随着疏散人数的增加,总疏散运动时间变长,但其变化率远低于疏散人数变化率 ;最大疏散速率增大,但出现最大疏散速率的时间随之延后;空间使用率增加,沿小区次干路、主干路到小区出口变化明显;拥堵情况增加, 小区主干路、次干路与主干路交叉口及小区出口处拥堵较为严重。     

安全注意力对矿工不安全行为影响的代际差异研究

为探究安全注意力对新、老两代矿工的安全行为影响的差异,基于代际划分的视角和安全注意力的分类,结合多群组结构方程模型,构建不同类型安全注意力对矿工不安全行为影响的路径模型。结果表明:在新、老两代矿工群体中不同类型安全注意力对矿工不安全行为的影响存在差异;有意注意对新、老两代矿工不安全行为有显著性影响;无意注意对新生代矿工不安全行为无显著性影响,而对老一代矿工影响显著;有意后注意对群体安全行为有显著性影响,对个体安全行为的影响存在代际差异。     

Modeling scale up of anthropogenic impacts from individual pollinator behavior to pollination systems

Understanding how anthropogenic disturbances affect plant–pollinator systems has important implications for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Previous laboratory studies show that pesticides and pathogens, which have been implicated in the rapid global decline of pollinators over recent years, can impair behavioral processes needed for pollinators to adaptively exploit floral resources and effectively transfer pollen among plants. However, the potential for these sublethal stressor effects on pollinator–plant interactions at the individual level to scale up into changes to the dynamics of wild plant and pollinator populations at the system level remains unclear. We developed an empirically parameterized agent-based model of a bumblebee pollination system called SimBee to test for effects of stressor-induced decreases in the memory capacity and information processing speed of individual foragers on bee abundance (scenario 1), plant diversity (scenario 2), and bee–plant system stability (scenario 3) over 20 virtual seasons. Modeling of a simple pollination network of a bumblebee and four co-flowering bee-pollinated plant species indicated that bee decline and plant species extinction events could occur when only 25% of the forager population showed cognitive impairment. Higher percentages of impairment caused 50% bee loss in just five virtual seasons and system-wide extinction events in less than 20 virtual seasons under some conditions. Plant species extinctions occurred regardless of bee population size, indicating that stressor-induced changes to pollinator behavior alone could drive species loss from plant communities. These findings indicate that sublethal stressor effects on pollinator behavioral mechanisms, although seemingly insignificant at the level of individuals, have the cumulative potential in principle to degrade plant–pollinator species interactions at the system level. Our work highlights the importance of an agent-based modeling approach for the identification and mitigation of anthropogenic impacts on plant–pollinator systems.     

Motivations for the use and consumption of wildlife products

The dominant approach to combating the illegal wildlife trade has traditionally been to restrict the supply of wildlife products. Yet conservationists increasingly recognize the importance of implementing demand-side interventions that target the end consumers in the trade chain. Their aim is to curb the consumption of wildlife or shift consumption to more sustainable alternatives. However, there are still considerable knowledge gaps in understanding of the diversity of consumer motivations in the context of illegal wildlife trade, which includes hundreds of thousands of species, different uses, and diverse contexts. Based on consultation with multiple experts from a diversity of backgrounds, nationalities, and focal taxa, we developed a typology of common motivations held by wildlife consumers that can be used to inform conservation interventions. We identified 5 main motivational categories for wildlife use: experiential, social, functional, financial, and spiritual, each containing subcategories. This framework is intended to facilitate the segmentation of consumers based on psychographics and allow the tailoring of interventions—whether behavior change campaigns, enforcement efforts, or incentive programs—to the specific context in which they will be used. Underlining the importance of consumer research and collaborating with local actors is an important step toward promoting a more systematic approach to the design of demand reduction interventions.     

Markets and the crowding out of conservation-relevant behavior

Markets are increasingly being incorporated into many aspects of daily life and are becoming an important part of the conservation solution space. Although market-based solutions to environmental problems can result in improvements to conservation, a body of social science research highlights how markets may also have unforeseen consequences by crowding out or displacing 3 key types of behaviors potentially relevant to conservation, including people's willingness to engage in collective action and civic duty; tolerance for inflicting harm on others (third-party externalities); and desire for equity. Better understanding of the contexts and mechanisms through which this crowding out occurs and whether specific market-based instruments are more prone to different types of crowding out will be crucial to developing novel conservation initiatives that can reduce or prevent crowding out.     

矿工不安全行为DARF形成机制实证研究

为探明矿工不安全行为形成机制,控制不安全行为,在计划行为理论（TPB）和健康行动过程取向理论（HAPA）的基础上构建矿工不安全行为整合理论模型,通过问卷对468名矿工进行不安全行为调查,并利用结构方程模型对理论模型进行实证检验,结果表明:行动效能、主观规范、风险知觉、结果期待、态度对矿工不安全行为意向具有显著影响;行为态度是社会性规范、示范性规范、结果期待以及风险知觉与行为意向之间的中介变量;应对计划对于不安全行为具有正向影响;矿工不安全行为的形成源于DARF机制,包括以行为意向为核心的动力机制（D）、以应对计划为核心的行动机制(A)、以应对自我效能为核心的制约机制(R)、以主观规范为核心的反馈机制(F)。