高温耐磨粘结铜除铜工艺研究

目的获得经济且环境友好型化学溶解高温耐磨粘结铜的工艺。方法采用正交实验获得化学溶解除铜的最佳工艺参数,利用电化学手段测试铜及炮管基体在两种溶液体系最优配方中的E-t曲线和极化曲线,通过连续失重法分析铜在腐蚀溶液中的腐蚀溶解规律,并观察溶解后的表面形貌。结果化学溶解除铜工艺最优配方分别为过氧化氢-柠檬酸(H2O2(质量分数为0.8%)+C6H8O7(质量浓度为6 g/L)+温度θ为30℃+pH值为10)、溴酸钾-柠檬酸(KBrO3(质量浓度为30 g/L)+C6H8O7(质量浓度为30 g/L)+温度为30℃+pH值为10)。腐蚀溶解初始阶段,铜基体表面氧化膜逐渐溶解破坏,腐蚀电位变负,溶解速率加快,随后铜基体裸露,进入稳定溶解过程,反应速率逐渐趋于稳定。在溴酸钾-柠檬酸体系中铜的自腐蚀电流密度比过氧化氢-柠檬酸体系中高2个数量极,表现出更强的阳极活化能力和腐蚀溶解速度。结论铜在两种溶液体系中表现出快速稳定的溶解速度,炮管基体的腐蚀速率比铜小2~3个数量级,具有良好的耐蚀能力。     

广西苍梧马尾松林和大叶栎林的火行为比较

马尾松(Pinus massoniana)是中国南方大面积造林的树种,也是抗火能力最弱的树种。研究了广西苍梧11龄马尾松用材林和4龄大叶栎萌芽林在正常冬季和干旱夏季情景下的火行为,用behaveplus计算了火线强度、蔓延速度、树冠火可能性等参数。结果表明,两种林分在干旱夏季的火行为高于在正常冬季的火行为。无论是在正常冬季还是在干旱夏季,都没有出现马尾松可燃物模型的火行为一致高于大叶栎可燃物模型的情况;天气、地形、可燃物床结构对可燃物含水率有很大影响,而含水率是火行为的决定因素。虽然大叶栎被划分为难燃树种,大叶栎萌芽林的火行为高于成年大叶栎乔木林,苍梧大叶栎萌芽林在极端干旱的夏季情景有被火把点燃的可能性。如果将大叶栎萌芽林作为防火林带使用,需要经常清除林下枯枝落叶,割除黑莎草,减少细小可燃物。     

Driver Behavior During Overtaking Maneuvers from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study

Objective: Lane changes with the intention to overtake the vehicle in front are especially challenging scenarios for forward collision warning (FCW) designs. These overtaking maneuvers can occur at high relative vehicle speeds and often involve no brake and/or turn signal application. Therefore, overtaking presents the potential of erroneously triggering the FCW. A better understanding of driver behavior during lane change events can improve designs of this human–machine interface and increase driver acceptance of FCW. The objective of this study was to aid FCW design by characterizing driver behavior during lane change events using naturalistic driving study data.

Methods: The analysis was based on data from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study, collected by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. The 100-Car study contains approximately 1.2 million vehicle miles of driving and 43,000 h of data collected from 108 primary drivers. In order to identify overtaking maneuvers from a large sample of driving data, an algorithm to automatically identify overtaking events was developed. The lead vehicle and minimum time to collision (TTC) at the start of lane change events was identified using radar processing techniques developed in a previous study. The lane change identification algorithm was validated against video analysis, which manually identified 1,425 lane change events from approximately 126 full trips.

Results: Forty-five drivers with valid time series data were selected from the 100-Car study. From the sample of drivers, our algorithm identified 326,238 lane change events. A total of 90,639 lane change events were found to involve a closing lead vehicle. Lane change events were evenly distributed between left side and right side lane changes. The characterization of lane change frequency and minimum TTC was divided into 10 mph speed bins for vehicle travel speeds between 10 and 90 mph. For all lane change events with a closing lead vehicle, the results showed that drivers change lanes most frequently in the 40–50 mph speed range. Minimum TTC was found to increase with travel speed. The variability in minimum TTC between drivers also increased with travel speed.

Conclusions: This study developed and validated an algorithm to detect lane change events in the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study and characterized lane change events in the database. The characterization of driver behavior in lane change events showed that driver lane change frequency and minimum TTC vary with travel speed. The characterization of overtaking maneuvers from this study will aid in improving the overall effectiveness of FCW systems by providing active safety system designers with further understanding of driver action in overtaking maneuvers, thereby increasing system warning accuracy, reducing erroneous warnings, and improving driver acceptance.     

Understanding employee innovative behavior: Integrating the social network and leader–member exchange perspectives

By integrating social network theory and leader–member exchange (LMX) theory, we explore the effects of three types of social relationships on employee innovative behavior: weak ties outside the group, LMX, and strong ties within the group. The results from a sample in a high‐tech firm showed that LMX fully mediated the positive relationship between out‐group weak ties and innovative behavior. Furthermore, within‐group strong ties negatively moderated the second stage of this indirect relationship, such that LMX was positively and significantly related to innovative behavior only when the number of within‐group strong ties was low. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高水速凝材料浆体流变特性研究

高水速材料是一种新型无机材料，其体积比合水率达９０％，称为“点水成石”。高水材料加水制成净浆可用于煤矿巷旁充填和灌注：高水材料具有不同于水泥的团结特性，可团结粘土、污泥和矿山尾砂等工业废料，高水材料与上述骨料加水后制成砂浆，输送浓度为６０～７５％，具有良好的流动性和输送性。在此重点介绍高水材料浆体的流变特性研究的成果，包括高水材料浆体的类型、流变特性、屈服应力、结构粘度与浆体浓度的关系，以及高水材料浆体的输送特性和管道阻力的计算公式，以便更好的推广和广泛使用。     

生态旅游者生态行为的意识层次

在界定生态旅游者概念的基础上,从生态旅游者的生态行为意识角度出发,将其划分为自在、自觉、自为三个层次,并根据实践的需要探讨了提升生态行为意识层次的几个措施:制订生态旅游者的行为准则、实施生态伦理教育和进行生态行为引导.     

Ecological Segregation of Bustards (Otididae) in the North of the Lower Volga Region: Evolutionary and Adaptive Aspects

Based on the concept of an ecological niche, the processes of segregation in the Lower Volga populations of great and little bustards (Otis tarda L. and Tetrax tetrax L). have been studied in the evolutionary and adaptive aspects. The results have shown that segregation of the ecological niches of the two species occurs mainly on a trophic basis, when bird specialization in the use of food resources provides the possibility of changing the nesting biotopes. Some trophic adaptations are temporary and do not modify a species-specific stereotype, whereas other adaptations lead to the development of new forms of behavior and their evolutionary stabilization. Spatial characteristics (biotopic preference, nest location, etc.) complement the identified hierarchical series of parameters characterizing the ecological niches of the species studied. In the Transvolga region of Saratov oblast, the total sizes of great and little bustard populations in the breeding season reach approximately 4100 and 5900 birds, respectively.     

Occupant behavior in a six-storey office building fallowing severe earthquake damage

In the Imperial County, California, earthquake of 15th October 1979, the Imperial County Services Building was seriously damaged — and has subsequently been demolished. At the time of the earthquake there were approximately 123 occupants in the six-storey reinforced concrete building which housed a number of county service departments. This paper investigates occupant behavior in a building subjected to an earthquake, and describes, in detail, what people do during and immediately subsequent to the shock.