荒漠河岸生态系统退化机理的定量分析

通过野外监测资料,采用聚类分析与主成分分析法,分析了荒漠河岸生态系统退化的内外因素与驱动力、植被退化的环境主导因子与生态退化程度,结果表明:(1)地质、地貌与气候条件等因素的影响,塔里木河下游生态系统存在脆弱和不稳定性是其退化的内因,外界干扰则是其退化的外在因素。人为干扰则是其退化发生的驱动力,起因于人口的增加、需求的增长。(2)在此过程中导致植被受损的环境主导因子是水,植被退化是人类干扰作用于植被赖以生存的环境主导因子所致。(3)其不同河段的生态退化可以归为三类:潜在沙漠化类(轻度退化),轻度沙漠化类(中度退化),中度或重度沙漠化类(重度退化),其中第三类型,土壤条件与其它两类差异较大,表现出土壤退化的滞后现象。     

重庆市生态环境智慧监测管理体系研究

以重庆市为例,从生态环境监测管理需求出发,分析了智慧监测的现状与存在的问题,提出了构建生态环境智慧监测管理体系的技术路线。以监测业务为核心,涵盖水、气、声、态、土等多种要素,构建了要素齐全、上下统筹、自动预警、服务应用的生态环境监测网络,实现了环境质量、污染源和生态状况监测全覆盖,预期取得规范监测业务流程、促进监测业务协同、加快产学研用结合等成效。     

建筑物火灾危险性的模糊评价

依据建筑物火灾危险性的影响因素,应用模糊识别理论及系统安全方法,建立了建筑物火灾危险性的评价指标体系,并应用集值统计方法对各项指标权重进行了处理,将该理论应用到某购物商场火灾危险性评价中,验证了评价模型的准确性,为建筑物防火设计以及安全管理提供了可行的依据。     

Study on Water Consumption Coefficient of People''''s Living and Its Regional Disparity in the North of China

1 INTRODUCTIONWater shortage will be one of the common risks peoplehave to face in the 21st century. China, a country withwater shortage, possesses only as much as 1/4 of the world'smean occupation for every person and is enlisted as oneof the thirteen countries where water is in a great shortage.Furthermore, in China, the water resources distributionhas been terribly unbalanced from region to region. NorthChina, covering 15 provinces, possessing 45% of thefarmland and 38% of the populat…     

南京环境质量解析

对南京市“九五“期间的空气环境质量、水环境质量、声环境质量的状况进行了综述与分析.指出,工业污染源主要污染物基本实现达标排放,城市环境综合整治取得重大进展,切实实施污染物总量控制计划,坚持依法管理,加大执法力度,是该市环境质量总体呈现“稳中趋好“的主要原因.提出,“十五“期间南京市应坚持污染防治与生态保护并重的方针,以改善环境质量、保护人民群众身心健康为目标,引导工业污染防治和城市环境综合整治向纵深发展.     

Estimated nationwide effects of pesticide spray drift on terrestrial habitats in the Netherlands

This study estimated the potential effects of pesticide drift on terrestrial ecosystems outside target areas, for the Dutch situation. A series of field trials was conducted to estimate the effects of drift on different species groups at different distances from a treated plot for different categories of pesticide: herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. Measurements of the pesticide drift deposition resulting from standard agricultural practice were used to model deposition outside the treated area. These data were then combined with national statistics on cropland and pesticide use to assess the ecological effects of pesticide drift for the Netherlands as a whole. Three scenarios were considered: the recent past (1998), the present (2005) and an optimised scenario based on 'best available practice' (2010). In the recent past the impact of herbicide drift on sensitive life stages non-target vascular plants is estimated to have exceeded the 50% effect level on 59% of adjacent linear landscape elements such as ditch banks and hedgerows. For the impact of insecticides and fungicides on non-target insects and fungi this 50% effect figure was 29% and 28% of linear elements, respectively. In the present situation, with (narrow) unsprayed buffer zones and other measures in place, these percentages are down to 41% for herbicides, 21% for insecticides and 14% for fungicides. In the optimised scenario, with a greater buffer width of 2.25m for potatoes (compared to 1.50m in 2005) and 1m for other crops (compared to 0.25 and 0.5m in 2005) and 'best available practice', these percentages can be cut to zero. In natural areas located within farming regions the 10% effect level can be reduced from 31% of such areas (1998) to 0% under conditions of 'best available practice'.     

黄土高原地区生态旅游开发的优势及前景分析

黄土高原地区生态环境非常脆弱,该区进行旅游开发必须以生态旅游为指导。该区自然和人文旅游资源丰富而独特,开发生态旅游具有类型多样、功能齐全、有利于组合开发的资源优势;西部大开发、中部崛起战略为其提供了政策优势,同时该区劳动力资源丰富,因此开发生态旅游优势明显。分析了黄土高原地区生态旅游开发的国际、国内及区域市场前景,提出了在该区进行生态旅游开发应注意的问题。     

典型区域土壤中多环芳烃的污染分布特征

以河南省3类典型工业区域为例,分析研究其土壤中多环芳烃类化合物的种类组成及含量分布特征,结果表明：3类典型工业区域周边土壤中均检出14种PAHs,其中萘、芘、艹屈 、苯并[a]蒽具有较高的检出水平;大型化工企业周边土壤中PAHs的检出率高于油田和工业园区;检出的14种PAHs的总质量比均值,大型化工企业明显高于油田和工业园区;3类典型工业区域土壤中PAHs测定值明显高于背景值,表明土壤已受到PAHs的影响;来源分析表明,PAHs的污染主要源自石油和燃料的燃烧.     

南通市近岸海域主要海产品重金属残留监测与评价

对南通市近岸海域捕捞的多获性鱼类6种,甲壳类2种,养殖的贝类7种,藻类2种共17种海产品158份样品重金属残留进行调查分析。采用样品超标率、内梅罗综合污染指数等指标对海产品重金属残留状况进行综合评价,结果表明,南通市近岸海域海产品中人工养殖的贝类、藻类重金属污染大于捕捞的鱼类、甲壳类,重金属及As在海产品中的残留为:Cd、As污染>Pb、Hg、Cu、Cr。     

海州湾潮间带大型底栖动物多样性研究

2015年10月和11月调查了海州湾潮间带A、B 2个断面的大型底栖动物,共发现大型底栖动物29种,其中A断面发现19种,B断面23种;潮间带大型底栖动物的总平均丰度为1 790 m~(-2),总平均生物量185.11 g/m~2。A、B 2断面的丰度生物量差异较大,主要是由于2个断面底质类型不同造成的。潮间带Shannon-Wiener多样性指数平均值为2.90,波动为2.44~3.45,其沉积物环境存在轻度有机质污染。