Probe into effect of the initiator on the thermal runaway hazards of methyl methacrylate bulk polymerization

The bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) is of great importance in chemical industry, but the polymerization process is highly hazardous, and few reports have focused on the effect of initiators on its thermal hazards. In this work, to thoroughly explore the thermal hazard characteristics, the runaway behavior of MMA bulk polymerization is investigated by a combination of thermodynamics experimental and kinetics theoretical methods. The results indicate that the presence of initiator exhibits an undesirable thermal hazard to the MMA bulk polymerization, and its exothermic behavior is also greatly influenced by the type and concentration of initiator. For azobisisoheptanenitrile (ABVN), azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO) initiators as examples, the AIBN-initiated reaction has the shortest adiabatic induction period (39.51 min), whereas the BPO-initiated polymerization exhibits the strongest maximum temperature-rising rate and maximum pressure-rising rate. Under adiabatic runaway, the temperature and pressure change significantly with increasing AIBN concentration, revealing a great potential risk of thermal runaway. Kinetic parameters are calculated to further understand the thermal runaway mechanisms, showing a strong agreement with the adiabatic experimental data. Finally, based on the cooling failure scenario, severity grading is determined by the evaluation criteria. The current work provides extensive data as a reference and guidance for the process design and optimization of MMA bulk polymerization from the perspective of safety.     

高性能防护织物

近年来,高性能防护织物已成为技术纺织品的重要分支。本文就应用最广的热防护织物和恶劣天气防护织物进行介绍和论述,以期引起有关科技人员的重视,共同研究开发,使我国的高性能纺织品有较快的发展。     

Retention of 137cesium in acid sulphate soils of South Central Thailand

Adsorption and desorption of ¹³⁷Cs by acid sulphate soils from the Nakhon Nayok province, South Central Plain of Thailand located near the Ongkarak Nuclear Research Center (ONRC) were investigated using a batch equilibration technique. The influence of added limestone (12 and 18 tons ha^?1) on ¹³⁷Cs adsorption–desorption was studied. Based on Freundlich isotherms, both adsorption and desorption of ¹³⁷Cs were nonlinear. A large portion (98.26–99.97%) of added ¹³⁷Cs (3.7?×?10³?7.03?×?10⁵ Bq l^?1) was sorbed by the soils with or without added lime. The higher lime treatments, however, favoured stronger adsorption of ¹³⁷Cs as compared with soil with no lime, which was supported by higher K _ads values. The addition of lime, the cation exchange capacity and pH of the soil increased and hence favoured the stronger adsorption of ¹³⁷Cs. Acid sulphate soils with a high clay content, medium to high organic matter, high CEC, and predominant clay types consisting of a mixture of illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite were the main soil factors contributing to the high ¹³⁷Cs adsorption capacity. Competing cations such as NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ had little influence on ¹³⁷Cs adsorption as compared with liming, where a significant positive correlation between K _ads and soil pH was observed. The ¹³⁷Cs adsorption–desorption characteristics of the acid sulphate soils studied exhibited a very strong irreversible sorption pattern. Only a small portion (0.09–0.58%) of ¹³⁷Cs adsorbed at the highest added initial ¹³⁷Cs concentration was desorbed by four successive soil extractions. Results clearly demonstrated that Nakhon Nayok province acid sulphate soils have a high ¹³⁷Cs adsorption capacity, which limits the ¹³⁷Cs bioavailability.     

超临界直流电站锅炉水冷壁开裂原因分析及改进措施

本文介绍了超临界直流电站锅炉检验中发现的水冷壁开裂、变形,调风器鳍片烧损变形,集箱管接头角焊缝裂纹,刚性梁固定耳板处拉裂、变形等问题。对产生这些问题的原因进行了分析和研究,认为各水冷壁管子内水汽温度不均匀是造成拉裂、变形的主要原因。针对产生问题的原因,提出要预防此类问题发生就必须控制水冷壁超温和降低水冷壁各管子间温度差。并详细地论述了控制水冷壁超温和降低水冷壁各管子间温度差的八项具体改进措施。     

热力承压部件膨胀不畅引发的失效分析及防范

本文笔者根据积累的经验,并结合具体案例,分析了三类承压部件（锅炉水冷壁、汽水管道、联箱角焊缝）因膨胀不畅引发的失效特征和原因,并提出了相应的防范和整改措施。对火力发电厂承压部件防止膨胀拉裂引起的失效有一定的参考和借鉴意义。     

Varying water column stability controls the denitrification process in a subtropical reservoir, Southwest China

Reservoirs are regarded as hotspots of nitrogen transformation and potential sources of nitrous oxide（N₂O）. However, it remains unclear how the hydrological conditions due to dam construction control the processes of nitrogen transformation in reservoir waters. To address this issue, we examined the spatial-temporal characteristics of nitrate concentrations, δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-, δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-, δ¹⁸O-H₂O, relative...     

不同抗氧体系对PC加工热稳定性的影响

通过红外光谱(IR)、热失重分析(TGA)、差热扫描量热分析(DSC)、毛细管流变分析、力学性能分析等多种手段,对不同抗氧体系对聚碳酸酯(PC)的加工热稳定性进行评估和研究.研究表明,与单纯的酚类抗氧剂和亚磷酸酯类抗氧剂互配体系相比,内酯稳定剂的加入能进一步提高聚碳酸酯在高温加工条件下的热稳定性,从而提高了材料的综合性能.     

热污染的危害及管理建议

首先对热污染危害进行分析,其次对相关标准进行了研究,针对标准中存在的问题,提出了进一步丰富标准内容的建议。     

Linking desorption kinetics to phenanthrene biodegradation in soil

The desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) often exhibits a biphasic profile similar to that observed for biodegradation whereby an initial rapid phase of degradation or desorption is followed by a phase of much slower transformation or release. Most investigations to-date have utilised a polymeric sorbent, such as Tenax, to characterise desorption, which is methodologically unsuitable for the analysis of soil. In this study, desorption kinetics of ¹⁴C-phenanthrene were measured by consecutive extraction using aqueous solutions of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD). The data indicate that the fraction extracted after 24 h generally approximated the linearly sorbed, rapidly desorbing fraction (F_rap), calculated using a three-compartment model. A good linear correlation between phenanthrene mineralised and F_rap was observed (r² = 0.89; gradient = 0.85; intercept = 8.20). Hence HPCD extraction (24 h) and first-order three-compartment modelling appear to provide an operationally straightforward tool for estimating mass-transfer limited biodegradation in soil.     

Compound specific carbon and hydrogen stable isotope analyses of volatile organic compounds in various emissions of combustion processes

This study presents carbon (δ¹³C) and hydrogen (δD) isotope values of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in various emission sources using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (TD-GC-irMS). The investigated VOCs ranged from C6 to C10. Samples were taken from (i) car exhaust emissions as well as from plant combustion experiments of (ii) various C3 and (iii) various C4 plants. We found significant differences in δ values of analysed VOCs between these sources, e.g. δ¹³C of benzene ranged between (i) −21.7 ± 0.2‰, (ii) −27.6 ± 1.6‰ and (iii) −16.3 ± 2.2‰, respectively and δD of benzene ranged between (i) −73 ± 13‰, (ii) −111 ± 10‰ and (iii) −70 ± 24‰, respectively. Results of VOCs present in investigated emission sources were compared to values from the literature (aluminium refinery emission). All source groups could be clearly distinguished using the dual approach of δ¹³C and δD analysis. The results of this study indicate that the correlation of compound specific carbon and hydrogen isotope analysis provides the potential for future research to trace the fate and to determine the origin of VOCs in the atmosphere using thermal desorption compound specific isotope analysis.