EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON CHANNEL INSTABILITY1

ABSTRACT: Channel instability and aquatic ecosystem degradation have been linked to watershed imperviousness in humid regions of the U.S. In an effort to provide a more process‐based linkage between observed thresholds of aquatic ecosystem degradation and urbanization, standard single event approaches (U.S. Geological Survey Flood Regression Equations and rational) and continuous hydrologic models (HSPF and CASC2D) were used to examine potential changes in flow regime associated with varying levels of watershed imperviousness. The predicted changes in flow parameters were then interpreted in concert with risk‐based models of channel form and instability. Although low levels of imperviousness (10 to 20 percent) clearly have the potential to destabilize streams, changes in discharge, and thus stream power, associated with increased impervious area are highly variable and dependent upon watershed‐specific conditions. In addition to the storage characteristics of the pre‐development watershed, the magnitude of change is sensitive to the connectivity and conveyance of impervious areas as well as the specific characteristics of the receiving channels. Different stream types are likely to exhibit varying degrees and types of instability, depending on entrenchment, relative erodibility of bed and banks, riparian condition, mode of sediment transport (bedload versus suspended load), and proximity to geomorphic thresholds. Nonetheless, simple risk‐based analyses of the potential impacts of land use change on aquatic ecosystems have the potential to redirect and improve the effectiveness of watershed management strategies by facilitating the identification of channels that may be most sensitive to changes in stream power.     

CSTR水力学模型数值求解方法探讨

CSTR模型是河流水质模拟的常用模型之一,其中水力学模型是影响CSTR模型数值稳定性的关键因素,但迄今为止对CSTR水力学模型数值稳定性鲜有充分的讨论. 以赣江朝阳水厂至八一桥北段为例,采用实测数据,分单箱积分和整体积分2种方式,讨论了Runge-Kutta-Felberg方法(RKF)、经典四阶Runge-Kutta方法(RK4)和二级四阶隐式Runge-Kutta方法(RK2)的数值稳定性、模拟精度和时间效率. 结果表明,与国际上目前常用的单箱积分相比,整体积分具有更好的稳定性. 3种Runge-Kutta方法的稳定性排序是RKF相似文献   

The Time Invariance Principle,the absence of ecological chaos,and a fundamental pitfall of discrete modeling

This paper is to show that most discrete models used for population dynamics in ecology are inherently pathological that their predications cannot be independently verified by experiments because they violate a fundamental principle of physics. The result is used to tackle an on-going controversy regarding ecological chaos. Another implication of the result is that all dynamical systems must be modeled by differential equations. As a result it suggests that researches based on discrete modeling must be closely scrutinized and the teaching of calculus and differential equations must be emphasized for students of biology.     

Biological stability in drinking water: a regression analysis of influencing factors

Some parameters, such as assimilable organic carbon(AOC), chloramine residual, water temperature, and water residence time, were measured in drinking water from distribution systems in a northern city of China. The measurement results illustrate that when chloramine residual is more than 0.3 mg/L or AOC content is below 50μg/L, the biological stability of drinking water can be controlled.Both chloramine residual and AOC have a good relationship with Heterotrophic Plate Counts( HPC)(Iog value), the correlation coefficient was-0.64 and 0.33, respectively. By regression analysis of the survey data, a statistical equation is presented and it is concluded that disinfectant residual exerts the strongest influence on bacterial growth and AOC is a suitable index to assess the biological stability in the drinking water.     

汞污染土壤治理修复技术研究进展

总结了国内外土壤Hg环境质量标准限值,比较了中国和美国对汞污染土壤处理技术规定;在此基础上对热脱附、固化/稳定化、化学萃取和植物修复等Hg污染土壤治理修复进行了综述,总结了各技术的特点、优势和局限,可为我国汞污染土壤治理修复技术研究和工程实践提供参考。     

Laser tempering based turning process for efficient machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel

Cost-effective machining of hardened steel components such as a large wind turbine bearing has traditionally posed a significant challenge. This paper presents an approach to machine hardened steel parts efficiently at higher material removal rates and lower tooling cost. The approach involves a two-step process consisting of laser tempering of the hardened workpiece surface followed by conventional machining at higher material removal rates with lower cost ceramic tools to efficiently remove the tempered material. The laser scanning parameters that yield the highest depth of tempered layer are obtained from a kinetic phase change model. Machining experiments are performed to demonstrate the possibility of higher material removal rates and improved tool wear behavior compared to the conventional hard turning process. Tool wear performance, cutting forces, and surface finish of Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) tools as well as low cost ceramic tools are compared in machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel (~63 HRC). In addition, cutting forces and surface finish are compared for the laser tempering based turning and conventional hard turning processes. Experimental results show the potential benefits of the laser tempering based turning process over the conventional hard turning process.     

黄土高原次生林演替过程土壤有机碳库及其化学组成响应特征

为探明黄土高原次生林演替过程中土壤有机碳库及其化学组成演化特征,选取陕北黄土高原黄龙山林区次生林演替初级阶段(山杨林)、过渡阶段(山杨、辽东栎混交林)和顶级阶段(辽东栎林)样地为研究对象,分析不同土层深度(0～10、 10～20、 20～30、 30～50和50～100 cm)土壤有机碳含量、储量和化学组成变化特征.结果表明：(1)土壤有机碳含量和储量随次生林演替过程显著增加(P<0.05),土壤有机碳含量随土层深度增加显著降低,土壤有机碳储量从初级阶段的64.8Mg·hm^-2增加至顶级阶段的129.2Mg·hm^-2,增加了99%.(2)次生林演替过程中,表层(0～30 cm)土壤有机碳中结构简单、相对易分解的脂肪族碳组分相对含量减少,结构复杂、相对难分解的芳香族碳组分相对含量增加,表明表层土壤有机碳化学组成稳定性随次生林演替过程显著提高,而深层(30～100cm)土壤有机碳化学组成稳定性表现为先增加后降低,即过渡阶段>顶级阶段>初级阶段.(3)次生林演替过程中,初级阶段和过渡阶段土壤有机碳化学组成稳定性随土层深度增加显著增...     

苯酚溶液对好氧颗粒污泥储存稳定性的影响

针对好氧颗粒污泥在长期储存过程中易出现的颗粒解体和微生物失活等问题,设置了浓度分别为30,60,100,150,200,300mg/L的苯酚溶液储存好氧颗粒污泥,并以蒸馏水为对照组,在室温下储存150d.考察储存期间各储存溶液中的好氧颗粒污泥特性变化情况.结果表明,储存150d后,60mg/L苯酚溶液中的好氧颗粒污泥具有较好的颗粒状结构和密实性,且其向储存溶液中释放的污染物质较少;200和300mg/L苯酚溶液中的好氧颗粒污泥也具有一定的结构完整性,但其颗粒结构强度较差.好氧颗粒污泥中的优势菌纲（黄杆菌纲、变形菌纲和放线菌纲）丰富度降低,梭状芽孢杆菌纲丰富度增加.60mg/L苯酚溶液中的环二鸟苷酸（c-di-GMP）浓度为14.38μg/gMLSS,与储存前相比下降了36.68%,300mg/L苯酚溶液中的c-di-GMP浓度为1.24μg/gMLSS,下降了94.54%.60mg/L苯酚溶液有利于好氧颗粒污泥中的黄杆菌纲分泌c-di-GMP信号分子,增加颗粒污泥储存稳定性.短期（1~70d）和长期（70~150d）储存好氧颗粒污泥,分别选用30和60mg/L苯酚溶液为储存溶液有利于维持颗粒污泥的微生物活性.     

污泥和鸡粪生物炭制备及其老化过程中的碳损失

生物炭具有高度的碳(C)稳定性,是一种良好的固碳材料.污泥富含无机矿物质,热解制备生物炭过程中其内源矿物会富集,影响固碳能力.在500、 600和700℃下制备市政污泥生物炭(SZB)、药厂污泥生物炭(YCB)和鸡粪生物炭(JFB),并模拟其在土壤中70～100 a老化过程,利用元素分析、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、 X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、离子质谱仪(ICP)和X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段,测定其理化性质并计算C损失.结果表明,热解过程中,生物炭内源矿物种类和质量分数决定生物炭C损失,其中Ca和Mg是主要的C保护矿物,而Fe的存在会降低生物炭C稳定性,增加C损失.老化过程中,生物炭C的自身稳定性对其C损失起主要作用,矿物起辅助作用.研究揭示了生物炭内源C和矿物组分对其C损失的影响规律,为利用污泥和鸡粪生物炭土壤固碳提供参考.     

Preparation of porous semi-IPN temperature-sensitive hydrogel-supported nZVI and its application in the reduction of nitrophenol

Nanoscale zero-valent iron(n ZVI) particles supported on a porous, semi-interpenetrating(semi-IPN), temperature-sensitive composite hydrogel(PNIPAm-PHEMA). n ZVI@PNIPAmPHEMA, was successfully synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, SEM, EDS, XRD and the weighing method. The loading of nZVI was 0.1548 ± 0.0015 g/g and the particle size was30–100 nm. NZVI was uniformly dispersed on the pore walls inside the PNIPAm-PHEMA.Because of the well-dispersed n ZVI, the highly porous structure, and the synergistic effect of PNIPAm-PHEMA, nZVI@PNIPAm-PHEMA showed excellent reductive activity and wide p H applicability. 95% of 4-NP in 100 m L of 400 mg/L 4-NP solution with initial p H 3.0–9.0 could be completely reduced into 4-AP by about 0.0548 g of fresh supported n ZVI at 18–25 °C under stirring(110 r/min) within 45 min reaction time. A greater than 99% 4-NP degradation ratio was obtained when the initial p H was 5.0–9.0. The reduction of 4-NP by nZVI@PNIPAm-PHEMA was in agreement with the pseudo-first-order kinetics model with Kobsvalues of 0.0885–0.101 min-1.NZVI@PNIPAm-PHEMA was able to be recycled, and about 85% degradation ratio of 4-NP was obtained after its sixth reuse cycle. According to the temperature sensitivity of PNIPAmPHEMA, n ZVI@PNIPAm-PHEMA exhibited very good storage stability, and about 88.9%degradation ratio of 4-NP was obtained after its storage for 30 days. The hybrid reducer was highly efficient for the reduction of 2-NP, 3-NP, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol and 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol. Our results suggest that PNIPAm-PHEMA could be a good potential carrier, with n ZVI@PNIPAm-PHEMA having potential value in the application of reductive degradation of nitrophenol pollutants.