“真菌-细菌”复合菌剂的构建及其降解α-蒎烯、乙酸丁酯和邻二甲苯混合废气的性能研究

以α-蒎烯、乙酸丁酯和邻二甲苯3株高效降解菌为菌源(2株真菌和1株细菌),通过对比单菌单底物和多菌多底物降解效果,确定这3株菌之间不存在抑制效应,可用于构建"真菌-细菌"复合菌剂.考察了复合菌剂与活菌液的降解性能及对饥饿期的响应,结果表明复合菌剂和活菌液均能较完全地降解底物,但经历饥饿期后,复合菌剂对底物仍保持100%的降解率,而活菌液对α-蒎烯和邻二甲苯的去除率只有94.6%和62%.该菌剂具有较好的稳定性,常温保存180 d后对各初始浓度为120 mg·L-1的α-蒎烯、乙酸丁酯和邻二甲苯24 h内去除率为48.2%、95.1%和57.3%.将复合菌剂与活性污泥分别接种于生物过滤塔,复合菌剂能明显缩短生物膜形成时间,接种的反应器对底物总去除率维持在90%左右,而活性污泥只有60%.     

市政脱水污泥的间接干化动力学研究

以食用油为热介质,在不同油浴温度下,对市政脱水污泥进行间接干化试验,推导出间接干化动力学模型,并对收集的冷凝液进行水质分析。结果表明:冷凝液为高浓度有机废水,TOC占TC的比例为73.2010%~75.5983%;VFAs的主要组分是乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、异戊酸和正戊酸,其中异丁酸所占比例最高(45.597%),其次为丙酸(24.554%);通过动力学模型的参数估值,Z模型(n≠1)因高R~2值和低RSS值而能很好的预测间接干化过程。     

A review of hazards associated with primary lithium and lithium-ion batteries

Primary lithium batteries contain hazardous materials such as lithium metal and flammable solvents, which can lead to exothermic activity and runaway reactions above a defined temperature. Lithium-ion batteries operating outside the safe envelope can also lead to formation of lithium metal and thermal runaway. Despite protection by battery safety mechanisms, fires originating from primary lithium and lithium-ion batteries are a relatively frequent occurrence.This paper reviews the hazards associated with primary lithium and lithium-ion cells, with an emphasis on the role played by chemistry at individual cell level. Safety mechanisms to prevent the occurrence and limit the consequences of incidents are reviewed, together with safety tests to monitor compliance with battery safety regulations and standards. Incident information from news accounts and open literature sources are reviewed to extract causal information.It is concluded that the potential severity of incidents during storage, transport and recycling of waste batteries can be significantly higher than in end-use applications. Safe storage, packaging and labelling practices, as well as communication among the parties involved, are essential to ensure safety across the battery lifecycle. It is recommended that a database of lithium battery incidents would be valuable to improve the evidence base for informing accident prevention measures.     

SO2 gas adsorption by modified kaolin clays: influence of previous heating and time acid treatments

Modified kaolin clays were used as adsorbents for SO(2) gas adsorptions. The clays were heated up to 900 °C previous to acid treatments with 0.5 N sulfuric acid solutions at boiling temperature during different times up to 1440 min. Equilibrium adsorption at 25 °C and 0.1 MPa was carried out by using a volumetric apparatus. The samples were characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and infrared analysis. The heating of the clays followed by acid treatment improved the adsorption capacity of the kaolin clays. The presence of amorphous silica and hydroxyl in the final products improved SO(2) adsorption capacity. Better properties for SO(2) adsorption were found in kaolin rich in not well ordered kaolinite clay mineral.     

管棚预支护条件下隧道开挖面稳定的可靠度分析

为考虑土体参数的变异性对隧道开挖面稳定性的影响,基于可靠度理论,采用三维弹塑性有限元数值模拟方法,计算管棚预支护条件下隧道开挖面极限支护力;以不同工况下地层参数及其极限支护压力比作为样本,待BP神经网络训练完毕后,即可预测大量给定地层参数工况下的开挖面极限支护压力比,对其进行统计,得到概率分布特征;在理论分析的基础上,结合工程实际,建立了管棚预支护条件下隧道开挖面稳定的极限状态方程,运用粒子群优化算法,对其进行可靠度分析。研究结果表明:采用管棚预支护的隧道,开挖面支护压力存在极限值,达到该值后,增加较小幅度的支护力,就能较大程度地提高隧道开挖面稳定的可靠度。     

汶川地震重灾区陇南寨子崖危岩体稳定性分析与防治对策

汶川地震诱发了大量的次生地质灾害,陇南寨子崖危岩体在地震过程中发生了较大规模的崩塌,震后局部崩塌不断,严重威胁着灾后重建安置点数百人的生命安全,因此准确判断该危岩体稳定性,并采取相应的处理措施尤为重要。在研究寨子崖危岩体所处地质环境及危岩失稳的诱发因素基础上,分析了该危岩体的分布规律及形态特征,并采用工程地质分析法和极限平衡法对该区几处主要危岩单体的稳定状况进行了定性与定量分析评价。经分析判断均处于不稳定状态,需进行工程治理。针对每个危岩单体的具体特征,提出了小规模清方+锚固+SNS主动防护等的联合治理方案。     

基于人工蜂群算法的边坡最危险滑动面搜索

将用于连续数值优化问题的人工蜂群算法引入边坡稳定分析临界滑动面搜索领域.该方法模拟了蜂群的群体协作采蜜过程,具有自适应收敛的特点,克服了传统方法容易陷入局部最优的缺点,是一种全局优化算法.为进一步改善其在复杂边坡搜索中的效果,将Hooke-Jeeves模式搜索操作引入人工蜂群算法,提出一种用于边坡临界滑动面搜索的模式搜...     

缙云山4种森林植被土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征

以重庆市缙云山的竹林、阔叶林、针叶林和针阔叶混交林这4种亚热带森林植被为研究对象,分析不同林分下土壤团聚体及团聚体有机碳在0～20、20～40、40～60和60～100 cm土壤剖面上的分布规律.结果表明,阔叶林土壤 2 mm粒级团聚体含量、平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)及 0. 25 mm团聚体含量(R0. 25)均随土层深度的增加而降低,而其他林分在整个土层中则无明显规律.在各土层中,竹林以 2 mm粒级团聚体为主(30. 73%～53. 08%);阔叶林和混交林的2～0. 25 mm粒级团聚体含量较高,为36. 27%～44. 67%和48. 69%～52. 44%;针叶林的优势粒径为2～0. 25 mm和0. 053 mm.总体上,在各土层中,竹林团聚体的MWD、GMD、R0. 25值均高于其他林分,且其分形维数(D)低于其他林分,可见竹林的土壤团聚体稳定性较好.随着土层深度的增加,不同林分(除针叶林外)土壤团聚体有机碳含量逐渐降低,其中竹林团聚体有机碳含量最高,显著高于针叶林和混交林.就不同团聚体粒级而言,4种林分土壤团聚体有机碳在整个土壤剖面上无明显规律,但各土层均以2～0. 25 mm和0. 053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量较高.不同林分下土壤团聚体有机碳相对贡献率存在显著差异,其中针叶林中0. 053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率最高;竹林的 2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率高达27. 44%～53. 47%;而阔叶林和混交林则以2～0. 25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率最高.缙云山的4种林分中,竹林的土壤团聚体稳定性较好,而针叶林的较差;在各土层中,竹林土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳含量最高,针叶林最低.     

Study of high-tech process furnace using inherently safer design strategies (I) temperature distribution model and process effect

High-tech industries, such as those producing semiconductor and TFT-LCD (Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display), have recently become the most important economic activities in Taiwan. Each of these industries has a complete chain of supply from raw material production, production pre-processing, product manufacturing, to waste handling. Any company in the chain is a critical component, since any accidents of fire, explosion, gas leakage, or power outage would cut off the supply chain, causing inability of continuous operation. In industries of semiconductor and TFT-LCD, great amounts of special gases and chemicals with many machinery equipments are used in the production processes. In cases of accidents or improper installation, this chain of supply, from raw material production, preproduction, product manufacturing, to waste handling materials and equipments may cause severe damages or incidents.This study used the existing model of the horizontal furnace to develop a simulation program. The simulation results were consistent with the existing model, and produced even slightly better results on temperature distribution and temperature sensitivity. The simulation model applied on a vertical furnace could provide data on furnace temperature control for industrial use. Meanwhile, this study also deduced actual temperature control and an ISD strategy, which are consistent with design strategy principles.The validation results on the proposed temperature distribution model suggested that the model can be applied in temperature distribution and sensitivity analysis to obtain adjustment and control models for various heating zones. In the case of a single tool, when processing reduction is 60 pieces, switching off the two heating zones can reduce 44% of power output, for a capacity utilization rate of 93.7% for the entire plant. The application of the proposed temperature control model can reduce power consumption by 121.4 kWh. In addition, with the same number of tools, facilities layouts in two cases have an area difference of 41.4775 m², thus shortening the evacuation time for operators. The experimental results proved that the proposed model has realized the ISD principles of intensification, attenuation, and limitation of effects.     

Ink and dirt behavior in pulping after artificial aging of cold-set offset printed newspapers in different humidity conditions

Although moisture has a decisive role in the permanence of cellulose and unprinted paper, its role in ink release from the surface of printed recovered papers remains unclear. This work aimed to determine whether various relative humidity levels in the artificial aging test affect ink release from the surface of the paper and its fibers when pulping cold-set offset printed newspapers in alkaline pulping conditions. The results showed that relative humidity variations from 30% to 70% negligibly affected ink release at 60 °C. However, compared with these lower humidity levels, exposure to 90% relative humidity for at least 25 h resulted in a higher ink content bound to fibers, a greater formation of visible dirt specks after pulping and a smaller formation of microscopic ink particles. In practical applications, the accurate estimation of climate effects during the storage and the transportation of recycled papers requires that humidity conditions are taken into account while performing artificial aging tests with paper products.