A novel method for evaluation of fire prevention by using water curtain with large droplets

Based on the ability to attenuate thermal radiation of droplets, water curtain plays an important role in fire prevention in the oil and gas terminal, traffic tunnel and other outdoor spaces. Radiation transfer characteristics of large droplets are determined by the Mie theory, and the Two-flux model is used to simplify the radiative transfer equation. Combined with an empirical formula to calculate the droplet diameter, a novel method is given for calculating the transmissivity of water curtain. Based on the method, influences of both the pressure and the width of water curtain on the transmissivity are fit for exponential relationship. Compared with experimental data, an ideal agreement is found between calculation results and experimental data for both single pipe water curtain and double pipe water curtain, only in the case of triplex pipe water curtain the deviation between calculation and experiment is more than 25%. A better calculation result can be obtained under the condition of the optical thin media. The method is effective in the scope of that the transmitted radiation is stronger than the environmental radiation.     

SBR工艺活性污泥驯化过程中微型动物群落物种多样性及其稳定性研究

以SBR反应器培养驯化阶段的活性污泥微型动物群落为研究对象,系统考察了活性污泥驯化过程中微型动物群落结构与优势种群变化规律,同时探讨了微型动物群落物种多样性及其稳定性.结果表明,1活性污泥培养驯化是微型动物群落类群和种属增多后趋于稳定的过程:污泥培养驯化过程中微型动物群落,由驯化初期以鞭毛虫为单一优势类群向鞭毛虫、匍匐型纤毛虫、固着型纤毛虫、肉食性纤毛虫等4个共优势类群演变,优势种属也由单一的波豆虫属(Bodo sp.)逐步向波豆虫属(Bodo sp.)、钟虫属(Vorticella sp.)、累枝虫属(Epistylis sp.)、楯纤虫属(Aspidisca sp.)、斜管虫属(Chilodonella sp.)、半眉虫属(Hemiophrys sp.)等6个共优势种属演变;2活性污泥培养驯化是微型动物群落物种多样性水平增高后趋于稳定的过程:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H'在培养驯化过程中先急剧增大后小幅降低直至相对稳定,较培养驯化前增大约75%;3活性污泥培养驯化是微型动物群落趋于稳定的过程:驯化初期到中期微型动物群落稳定性略有减小,驯化中期到后期有较大的增加并趋于稳定,这是微型动物群落总多度、物种数均先增大后逐渐趋于稳定的结果;4微型动物群落稳定滞后于其污泥成熟与污水处理效能稳定.     

边坡工程集成式智能辅助决策系统研究

以智能决策支持系统（ＩＳＳ）的理论与方法为基础，以事务处理专家系统系统开发具ＧＵＲＵ为开发环境，将多种评价与决策模型和方法相结合，形成了一个应用于边坡工程的集成式智能辅助决策系统（ＩＩＡＤＳＳＥ），本文讨论了ＩＩＡＤＳＳＥ的设计思想，介绍了ＩＩＡＤＳＳＥ的基本结构模式，各部分的功能及其实现方法，ＩＩＡＤＳＳＥ具有定性与定量分析相结合的特征，可较好地处理边坡工程稳定性评价与加固方案决策分析问题。     

Investigation of thermal treatment on selective separation of post consumer plastics prior to froth flotation

Plastics have become the widely used materials because of their advantages, such as cheapness, endurance, lightness, and hygiene. However, they cause waste and soil pollution and they do not easily decompose. Many promising technologies are being investigated for separating mixed thermoplastics, but they are still uneconomical and unreliable. Depending on their surface characteristics, these plastics can be separated from each other by flotation method which is useful mineral processing technique with its low cost and simplicity.The main objective of this study is to investigate the flotation characteristics of PET and PVC and determine the effect of plasticizer reagents on efficient plastic separation. For that purpose, various parameters such as pH, plasticizer concentration, plasticizer type, conditioning temperature and thermal conditioning were investigated. As a result, PET particles were floated with 95.1% purity and 65.3% efficiency while PVC particles were obtained with 98.1% purity and 65.3% efficiency.     

Distribution of copper,silver and gold during thermal treatment with brominated flame retardants

The growing consumption of electric and electronic equipment results in creating an increasing amount of electronic waste. The most economically and environmentally advantageous methods for the treatment and recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) are the thermal techniques such as direct combustion, co-combustion with plastic wastes, pyrolysis and gasification. Nowadays, this kind of waste is mainly thermally treated in incinerators (e.g. rotary kilns) to decompose the plastics present, and to concentrate metals in bottom ash. The concentrated metals (e.g. copper, precious metals) can be supplied as a secondary raw material to metal smelters, while the pyrolysis of plastics allows the recovery of fuel gases, volatilising agents and, eventually, energy. Indeed, WEEE, such as a printed circuit boards (PCBs) usually contains brominated flame retardants (BFRs). From these materials, hydrobromic acid (HBr) is formed as a product of their thermal decomposition.In the present work, the bromination was studied of copper, silver and gold by HBr, originating from BFRs, such as Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and Tetrabromobisphenol A-Tetrabromobisophenol A diglycidyl ether (TTDE) polymer; possible volatilization of the bromides formed was monitored using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and a laboratory-scale furnace for treating samples of metals and BFRs under an inert atmosphere and at a wide range of temperatures. The results obtained indicate that up to about 50% of copper and silver can evolve from sample residues in the form of volatile CuBr and AgBr above 600 and 1000 °C, respectively. The reactions occur in the molten resin phase simultaneously with the decomposition of the brominated resin. Gold is resistant to HBr and remains unchanged in the residue.     

LDPE/EPDM Multilayer Films Containing Recycled LDPE for Greenhouse Applications

In this paper the reuse of recycled LDPE in combination with the incorporation of EPDM modifier in the production of greenhouse films has been investigated. A three-layer film (60-100-40 micron thickness) containing recycled LDPE in the middle layer and a high UV-stabilized 40-micron outer layer was developed and proven to be commercially successful. Films with 25% and 50% recycled material content were produced. The effect of natural weathering on the film properties over a period of 15 months has been observed. Changes in physical and mechanical property were determined. The addition of EPDM to the raw resin was found to improve the extrudability of the compound and improve the weather resistivity of the film. The EPDM-modified films containing 25% to 50% recycled material retained approximately 95% and 75%, respectively, of their original extensibility after 9 months' exposure to natural weathering. Optimization of EPDM and UV stabilizer concentration was carried out to develop a balanced film with excellent mechanical and physical properties and resistance to weathering conditions. The use of UV stabilizer concentrations slightly higher than commercial practice in the outer layer of the multilayer film can be justified by the cost reduction by the incorporation of recycled LDPE materials.     

Thermal Degradation Mechanism of Low-Density Polyethylene Plastic Wastes in Cyclohexane

The thermal LDPE degradation mechanism harnessing a high-pressure autoclave surrounded by a furnace was investigated in this work. Rates of formation of gas, liquid, and solid during degradation of PE plastic wastes in cyclohexane as solvent at 400 and 425°C have been experimentally determined. Four reaction mechanisms have been proposed and tested to estimates of gas, liquid, and solid. Proposed mechanisms are based on the assumption that the reactions are pseudo-first-order with respect to the reacting species. Pseudo-first-order rate constants for each of the indicated mechanistic steps have been calculated by nonlinear regression analysis. The best fit was obtained by model 2 (pure parallel reaction mechanism), and its activation energy was determined.     

离子注入法选育高效降解蒽的鞘氨醇单胞菌突变株

鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas sp.)AN1及其原生质体经N⁺ 离子注入诱变处理 ,蒽的降解率分别提高了29.3%和36.2%,总变异率分别为80%～100%、60%～80% ,耐蒽浓度分别达到300mg/L、400mg/L ;突变株经15代遗传稳定性检测,有2株(AN815-3,AN315-5)的性状可稳定遗传 ,其降解率分别为73%,75%,诱变效果显著.     

Ontogeny and Population: Developmental Stability and Population Variation

By definition, the ontogenetic and population organization levels are fundamentally different. Studies at these levels are traditionally independent. However, it becomes increasingly evident that special analysis of individuals in terms of ontogeny is necessary for correct estimation of populations and their spatiotemporal dynamics, as well as for understanding the mechanisms of population processes.     

Theoretical and experimental studies on the thermal decomposition of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutyl phosphate

Ionic liquid, an organic molten salt, has efficient flame-retardant performance. Few researchers have attempted to study its flame-retardant mechanism. Moreover, thermal stability and pyrolysis products have a great impact on the flame retardancy. Therefore, this paper focused on the phosphate ionic liquid of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutyl phosphate ([Bmim][DBP]) and analyzed its thermal decomposition products and characteristics. The major bond energies of [Bmim][DBP] were calculated using B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p)//M06–2X/6–311++G(d,p) level. The experimental results show that the pyrolysis products were as followed: alkane or alkene with a carbon chain length of 1–4; imidazole and its derivatives; esters. Furthermore, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer were utilized to measure the gaseous products and solid phase products of [Bmim][DBP], which were obtained during thermogravimetric analysis. The results of theoretical and experimental analysis were highly consistent. Finally, the possible flame-retardant mechanism of [Bmim][DBP] was proposed.