Valuing biodiversity: reality or mirage?

The objective of this paper was to consider the social value ofbiological diversity and explore if this value could be expressedin terms of a unidimensional metric in money. Economics distinguishes between use-values and non-use-values, which are critically evaluated for valuing biodiversity. It is shown that these utility-based valuations have severe limitations as they treat species in isolation from their ecological contexts. In contrast, ecosystem ecology regards ecosystems as an integratednon-linear and nonconvex system in which ecosystem functions canbe understood as a four-component cycle; exploitation, accumulation of biomass, creative destruction and renewal. Withinsuch a cycle, ecosystems can be seen to have two properties: stability and resilience. A good proxy for resilience is the probability of extinction of species, and social value of biodiversity can be expressed as a partial ordering with thisprobability as an index. This approach is consistent with decision theory, of which social choice is an important component, pioneered by Arrow.     

强度折减系数法在学堂湾滑坡稳定性评价中的应用

基于强度折减系数的有限单元法不但满足力的平衡条件,而且考虑了材料的应力应变关系,使得计算结果更加精确合理.本文采用非线性有限元强度折减法对三峡库区三期地质灾害防治工程应急抢险紧急实施项目--学堂湾滑坡进行稳定性评价研究.研究结果表明,与传统刚体极限平衡法相比,该方法能够更有效地描述边坡破坏模式,而且通过研究边坡稳定分析所计算的安全系数以及通过最大剪切变形率的相关等值线可以查看破坏形态,更有助于理解滑体破坏机制.有限元强度折减系数法为滑坡稳定性评价提供了一条更为有效的途径.     

A mathematical model for predicting thermal hazard data

A systematic procedure and mathematical model for predicting thermal behavior is proposed. This model has been verified by experimental data. The results show that the model will predict thermal hazard behavior precisely. A procedure for predicting thermal hazard data is also developed. Some examples of predicting real behavior are simulated.     

Studies of Thermal Transformations of Humic and Fulvic Acids in Soils I. Infrared Spectroscopy and Temperature-Programmed Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry

Temperature-programmed pyrolysis mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy have been used to monitor structural changes of humic and fulvic acids isolated from soils in China, in the temperature range of 25-550°C. in this work, we found that decarboxylation is obvious as the main reaction with dehydration reaction from 150°C to 400°C, the anhydride can be identified from FT-IR spectra at temperature range from 200°C to 400°C; there are evident changes of the aromatic nucleus of humic and fulvic acids above 400°C, even remaining up to 550°C. Besides, some changes of adsorption water can be distinguished before 200°C, and the mass signal of sulphur dioxide was detected.     

On the Problem of Assessing the Resistance of Planktonic Community to Adverse Influences

An experimental-analytical method for assessing the vulnerability of aquatic ecosystems under conditions of anthropogenic pollution is considered. Such data are very important for estimating economic damage from accidental environmental pollution and determining the seasons in which industrial activities will be less hazardous in ecological terms. A feasible approach to this problem is based on the study of ecosystem behavior under critical conditions. Phytoplankton, being the main primary producer of organic matter in the aquatic ecosystem, is the key element providing for its stability.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 294–299.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Domnin, Korsak, Mosharov.     

克雷伯氏菌生产絮凝剂M-C11的培养优化及其在污泥脱水中的应用

从活性污泥中筛选分离得到可产生微生物絮凝剂的克雷伯氏菌C11,对微生物絮凝剂M-C11的培养基碳源、氮源、无机盐等条件进行优化.探讨将微生物絮凝剂应用于活性污泥脱水时,pH、CaCl2投加量、M-C11投加量等因素对污泥脱水效果的影响,并与常规化学絮凝剂的调理效果对比分析.结果表明,絮凝剂M-C11生产的最优培养条件:30 g·L-1葡萄糖、2g·L-1NaNO3、0.5 g·L-1MgSO4分别作培养基碳源、氮源、无机盐,在37℃,150 r·min-1振荡培养48 h,絮凝活性高达91.70%.M-C11在pH为4~8、温度为20~60℃的范围内具有良好的絮凝稳定性.克雷伯氏菌产絮凝剂M-C11应用于调理污泥脱水,在pH为6、3 mL M-C11、4 mL CaCl2(1%)的最佳投加组合下,调理后污泥比阻(SRF)和含水率分别由原泥的11.64×1012m·kg-1和98.86%,降低至4.66×1012m·kg-1和83.74%,调理后的污泥脱水效果显著优于硫酸铝、聚合氯化铝(PAC)等无机絮凝剂.微生物絮凝剂具有成本低廉、易生物降解、无二次污染等优点,且对污泥pH、盐度等条件具有良好的适应性,可作为新型高效的污泥脱水调理剂.     

牛粪混合液微生物燃料电池长期运行稳定性研究

长期运行稳定性是微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)技术的一项重要特征,是其能否走向实际应用的关键.生物阴极MFC利用牛粪产电的长期运行特征的研究表明,该MFC可长期、高效、稳定地产电.在100Ω外电阻下,171 d的运行期内,电池功率密度平均为6.77 W·m-3±2.11 W·m-3.第70 d的电池开路电压、内阻、最高功率密度分别为0.874 V、22.1Ω和14.1 W·m-3.随着运行时间延长,每30 d的总化学需氧量(total chemical oxygen demand,TCOD)去除量不断递减,而库仑效率(Coulomb efficiency,CE)不断递增,在121~150 d,CE可达17.5%±3.3%.阳极微生物群落结构分析表明,Proteobacteria(45%)、Bacteroidetes(22%)、Firmicutes(17%)、Actinobacteria(11%)在阳极生物膜中占有优势地位.Clostridium、Cellulomonas等已被证明具有产电能力或纤维素降解能力的细菌是阳极生物膜中的关键功能种群.     

被动采样/热脱附/GC-MS法测定环境空气中挥发性有机物暴露量

建立了吸附管被动采样-热脱附解吸气相色谱质谱联用测定环境空气中挥发性有机物暴露量的采样、分析方法。14种挥发性有机物的检出限为0.002~0.005 ng/h。该法采样无需动力,具有简单、方便、灵敏度高等特点,可广泛应用于环境气体的监测。     

杂质对过硫酸铵热稳定性的影响

为研究常见杂质如水、酸碱、金属、盐及橡胶等物质对过硫酸铵热稳定性的影响,对过硫酸铵及过硫酸铵与不同杂质混合物在空气中的热分解反应和放热特性进行了测试,得到反应热、起始放热温度等热稳定性参数,在此基础上研究其反应动力学,得到表观反应活化能、指前因子等动力学参数,利用Semenov热爆炸模型计算了过硫酸铵及过硫酸铵与不同杂质混合物的自加速分解温度(SADT)。结果表明:杂质的加入使过硫酸铵的热稳定性降低,计算得到过硫酸铵的SADT为155℃,通过对过硫酸铵及过硫酸铵与不同杂质混合物的SADT进行比较,发现上述杂质的加入均能使过硫酸铵的SADT降低,其中水、酸、氢氧化钠加入后过硫酸铵的SADT分别降低至75℃、80℃和75℃。     

SRT对酵母-SBR处理油脂废水稳定性的影响

污泥龄(SRT)是影响废水生物处理系统稳定性的重要参数,SRT对酵母菌处理废水系统的影响尚不明确.为探明SRT对酵母处理油脂废水的影响,在序批式反应器(SBR)中考察了不同SRT(5、10、20、40 d)对废水处理效果、胞外聚合物(EPS)、酵母污泥沉降性的影响,并通过PCR-DGGE及克隆测序方法解析了系统中的酵母菌群落结构.结果表明:酵母菌处理油脂废水合适的SRT为5~10 d;较长SRT会导致COD去除率降低及污泥中EPS总量下降;酵母污泥中EPS以紧密型EPS为主,主要成分为多糖;5~40 d范围内的SRT对系统中酵母污泥的污泥容积指数(SVI)影响不显著,但系统在长的SRT(20d)下运行会导致系统中丝状细胞明显增多,有丝状菌性膨胀的趋势;长、短SRT下酵母群落结构相似,系统中都出现了3株可以利用或者降解油脂的外源性酵母菌株.综上结果,短SRT有利于酵母处理油脂废水系统的运行稳定性.